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...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' ... Rainer, and Peter Troxler. “No More Muddling Through: Mastering Complex Projects In Engineering and Management”. Web. 2006</ref>, who propose the use of t

... the construction industry from manufacturing industries, e.g. duration of projects, the nature (repetitive or one-of-a-kind), etc<ref name="Gao2014"> Gao, S. ... (1) Lean Construction is about how Lean Production methods can be applied to construction, and (2) Lean Construction is a new, theory-based methodology

... wastage. To maintain a sustainable and justified project, it is necessary to apply some approaches seeking towards a decreased amount of wastage. One o .... With other words LEAN is an efficient management technique which strives to meet the customer in eye level and offer them an instant customized product

...the complexity within a process and how it interrelates. It is another way to illustrate and understand the cause and effects of the process, by linking ...aig W., 1998.] </ref> An example of a feedback loop is shown in the figure to the right.

...iew of the importance of managing different types of stakeholders in order to ensure a suitable stakeholder involvement. ...e in order to be able to integrate all of the stakeholders’ contribution to the project in the best possible way.

...ise them. This type of analysis works as a macro analysis, not only framed to contain a specific area of investigation, but takes into account all the di ...ng centrality algorithms, are discussed and examples are provided, showing how these can be beneficial in e.g. project management.

...ents on the basis of the needs, to specify what the product is supposed to do. Requirements engineering is regarded as crucial in a development process, ...d be noted that, if a reference is in the end of a section, then it refers to the whole section.

... J. Snowden (born 1 April 1954)<ref name="About"/>, and is used by leaders to determine the context of a situation, so they can make appropriate choices. ...lex, chaotic and disorder</b>. Each of which requires different approaches to [[leadership]] style. <ref name="HBR"/><ref name="HBS"/>

...der to act appropriate and create sustainability, the management often has to consider these aspects and constraints not only from their own point of vie ...verview of the stakeholders and can serve as a foundation for planning how to deal with stakeholders. Dealing with stakeholders can contain both communic

...lot], however including the variables size and colour, the user can get up to four dimensions of data in an easily understandable two-dimensional chart. ... question if a tool as simplistic as the bubble chart can add real support to the decision making in Project Portfolio Management?

... Portfolios. Due to dependencies or strategy alignment, selecting the best projects does not necessarily result in the best portfolio]] ...ing intensity of competition and fast technology changes have pushed firms to develop

...pending on the problem they could get different importance, thus it adapts to specific situation. The four steps are: ...st R. and Troxler P. (2006). ''No More Muddling Through Mastering Complex Projects in Engineering and Management'', Rotterdam: Springer.</ref>

...ications, stakeholders and flows of different resources and is very simple to use. The good project result is always based on the well-defined task and w ...kman & M. Kok & A. van der Veen (2005), Mental model mapping as a new tool to analyse the use of information in decision-making in integrated water manag

'''The scope''' for this Wiki article is to investigate the similarities and differences between standard best practice ...ic "requirements management" focus of systems engineering could contribute to improve project management practices.

...scribes the central tools and knowledge, which can be applied to a project to secure a successful project. The standard is based on the modern views of p ...=annual />. By the increasing numbers of certification holders it is clear to see that the standard is being widely accepted and the importance and impac

...list several elements which can be used in the process of managing risk in projects, portfolios and programs.. ...d for Risk Analysis will be mentioned and explained briefly, but (in order to allow the full use of the wiki) not be described in detail. Some of them mi

.../Project_portfolio_management Project Portfolio Management] (PPM) software to ease the decision-making. ...er, after the implementation of such software systems many executives fail to see the promised results emerge in their organization.

... customers better service or product, within the time and cost agreed, and to the extent expected by them. Lean Project Management (LPM) seeks precisely ...cial step from a Lean perspective. For this reason more attention is given to the idea of continuous improvement and kaizen. Finally, a final discussion

...bject matter. In addition to all content being new, the article is brought to a higher level by creating a clear thread, using recently published referen ...fting customer demands and emerging technology, to mention a few examples. To remain competitive, organisations must adapt through process optimisation,

...re ”''The Agile Manifesto''” was introduced, that the approach started to become increasingly popular, especially in the software industry. The Agile ...covering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. We value:

... managers. The dilemma is that often a project manager does not know where to find the expertise and right person within the organization (Belbin, 2010). ...Belbin’s team development-concept will help to ensure the right teams in projects.

...and objectives to which any product or service must conform and are common to all development and other engineering activities”'' and requirements mana ...ify, control and communicate these requirements, and to manage any changes to these requirements, at any time in the project process.

...n an efficient way allows the team to evaluate risks together and identify to what extent they can prevent these risks from happening. Documenting risks ...e risk register is the tool that should be constantly updated and referred to; it is the centre of all processes and decisions.

...rd risk management framework, which can be used by any organization on any projects regardless of its size. NOTE: This article might be similar to other articles; Risk analysis, risk register, Risk management strategy in p

...ness strategy. Prioritizing and separating high priority from low priority projects could be a challenging process considering that company’s available resou ...fying customer requirements during the design phase. Moreover, QFD is used to support strategic as well as operational decisions within a company.

...ater failure in the future. This article is intended as inspiration to see how embracing your failures serves as a philosophy in your company culture by d ...r end products by the Embracing Failure methodology. The article will seek to answer the following two research questions:

...es the basis for customization to a specific need. Finally it is described how the different A3 reports can be used as tools for solving challenges in pro ...=(Ko, 2013)>''Ko, C. H., & Tsai, P. C. (2013). Applying Lean Production A3 to Enhance Construction Work Flow. Life Science Journal, 10(2).'' </ref>.

...s that are required to manage a collection of projects and programs needed to achieve stratetic business objectives.<ref name="PPM"> Blichfeldt & Eskerod ..., 539-553 (2012)</ref>. However, project risk management is only effective to a limited extent because it lacks a portfolio wide view. <ref name="Conting

...s of the project. To create a motivational atmosphere it is also important to focus on communication and on involving the volunteers. ...nske Spejderkorps was also loosing members for some years, but has managed to turn this tendency around and has been growing in numbers since 2008.<ref>

...ing with [[Agile Project Management]]. Scrum can be used in different size projects and can also be used for Program and Portfolio management. The article will ... 12, 2013</ref> in 1986 <ref name=one/>. While Jeff Sutherland was the one to apply the concept and tweak it for then introducing it together with Ken Sc

...icult to diagnose; after time… it becomes easy to diagnose but difficult to cure.” (Machiavelli, 1514) <ref>[Niccolo Machiavelli “The Prince”]</r ...t turns out to be harmful to the project it is in general terms considered to be a risk.

... where they want to be in the future and hot to manage the change required to getting there. ...ag369-382''</ref>. Moreover literature on how change management is applied to, integrated with project portfolio and impact project portfolio success has

...xity 1.Cost, 2.Schedule, 3.Technical the framework recognizes and elevates to the same status two other 4.Context and 5.Financing. ... environmental policy dictate the design solutions for most transportation projects. <ref>Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2006). Design-build effective

...nto a wide pool of talent from various locations.<ref name="cio">CIO. "How to manage a virtual project team". http://www.cio.com.au/article/368495/how_ma ...ed a project, where some or even all of the members were remotely located. How different is managing a virtual project team from a co-located team? Are th

...he handling essential. Stakeholder has different influence and interest in projects and must therefore be treated in individual ways. Stakeholder analysis proc ...ofessor in Ethics and Law) and Preston (Professor in Business) in 1995 not to be a single theory, but a set of theories for the management of stakeholder

...es. Additionally a quick switch between tasks and task chains is desirable to make sure the project is on schedule. A simplified comparison between tradi ...nvisioning the project network and in managing it afterwards, in constrast to dealing solely with specific technical aspects as the before mentioned meth

...project management. In order to deal with that, the board of directors has to design project management best practices for the company. ...eficit and the government, who finances the company, put a lot of pressure to make the company profitable.

...d the attention on group dynamics and methods of group formation, in order to assign successful project groups with high performance. ... and it is important to understand how to make use of these skills and how to interact with different team members.

... will look at the scope of using Key Performance indicators (KPI) in order to assess progress within project, program and portfolio management. *How to define and implement KPIs, as well as how they are normally presented

... for meetings. They are essential for collaboration and decision making in projects and they revolve around key project management activities such as cost, sch ... and cost. Project managers can use their responsibility as an opportunity to implement strategies for creating and managing effective meetings.

...fore crucial to manage scheduling closely. A project schedule includes the projects milestones, deliverables and deadlines, etc. with duration estimate. The schedule is used for planning and to foresee when a project is estimated to finish. A critical path is a sequence of activities that determines the sho

...jects. In order to minimize uncertainties and unforeseeable events related to a project, risks are identified and managed throughout the project lifecycl In order to control and manage risks, the Risk Management Process (RMP) is used. RMP is

...the project and the time span over which the costs and benefits are going to be spread<ref> ...n, however, related on how the projects should get the money from in order to run.

...tainty converse all of the environmental conditions in which a project has to operate, e.g. costs of people or materials, etc. <ref name= Taylor> Taylor, ...o> Geraldi, Joana | Thuesen, Christian | Oehmen, Josef | 2016 | "How to DO projects" | Uncertainty |(Version 0.5)</ref>

...omplete project activities. And to do this the project manager needs tools to identify which team members fits into which team role and here can Belbin's ...tions, the Worlds Bank and thousands of organizations throughout the world to enhance individual and team performance. <ref name="Belbin_associates"> 201

...nager must be able to analyze the situation and chose the correct approach to conflict management based on the information he or she has available. In do ...ational Conflict provides a framework for assessing and acting accordingly to the type of conflict.<ref name="Book2">''Jones, Gareth. 7th, 2013. Organiza

...oftware development published 1991 broadened usage of the technique aiming to continuous development of valuable software. <ref> ''http://www.scruminc.c *Responding to change over following the plan <ref> ''http://agilemanifesto.org'' Manifest

...evertheless, the V-Model is still widely used and is an interesting method to approach project management in a very structured way. In what follows, many ... stakeholders, artefacts to document the project, and management mechanism to ensure a relevant management style.<ref name="NumberOne">“Fundamentals of

...hods were developed, focusing on alternative risk measures that could lead to linearization of the portfolio optimization problem <ref>Sharpe, W. F. (197 ...te projects taking in consideration the interaction and influence of other projects.<ref>Thorp, J. (2003). The information paradox: realizing the business bene

...uence the risk reduction of project failures. In this article we are going to illustrate the so-called PRINCE2 method, focused on processes and continue ...factors on investigating, evaluating, attaining & capitalising on Prince2 (Projects in Controlled Environments) Project Management certification.''</ref>

...lly important to control how the different tasks are progressing. In order to get an overview of the current situation of the project, we should compare ...the performance of the project at any time, but also analyze future trends to estimate the cost and time of completion of the project.

...ed location as main unit of analysis. The results were ground breaking due to the fact that around 380 m2 were built per day of construction. The 102 lev ... critique has been raised about the CPM-method in relation to construction projects, as it does not sufficiently support construction management during executi

...anagement point of view. First, the extreme mathematical complexity needed to treat some problems is an important limitation. Secondly, the presumed rati ...and more rational perspective for the manager that can be used in addition to usual managerial skills.

...n added benefit is that the perceivable metric often creates a common goal to '''increase the pace''' within the project team. ...the project team. Each sprint is usually followed by a grace-period of 0.5 to 1 week during which a sprint review and sprint retrospective is usually hel

... management tools. It will also explore the usage of this method in todays projects, its advantages and limitations. ...ed long before the deadline and most of the people attributed this success to PERT.

...a good idea for a company to use Lean as project management tool, in order to maintain their competitiveness. ...ect management tool. Lean can even be ineffective and destructive compared to other project management tools, in some cases. The theory will be supported

...ions/multi-project-management''] ''Description of a MPM'' </ref>. You have to be careful about information you can share or not while staying meaningful ...gether. MPM is often understood as just many single projects that you have to achieve one by one reaching each deliverables planned. So,MPM is located be

...day’s projects, where, they tend to require changes very frequently, due to a number of reasons such as Stakeholders changing their mind often, news ab ...itable to face the common unexpected changes that come up during today’s projects.

...the processes involved on each stage of the development procedure in order to fit the Startup’s strategy. ...ementing a PPM system in a Startup. It is left for the readers’ criteria to evaluate the suitability of each tool, model or method in their own context

...t activities within a project as many different computer programs can help to create a Gantt Chart fast and easy. ...uld be can be a hard choice. As many programs are available it can be hard to find a program that fits the specific needs one might have. Therefore a lis

...ined before the method becomes useful. The main principle with the CCPM is to strip off the risk of starting the project late or finish it early, and ins ...to be a thinker who motivated others to think. He encouraged his listeners to consider their business practices again with a fresh, new vision. <ref> [ht

...ains why we have so many mice than elephants”''<ref>Taleb, N.N. Learning to love volatility. The Walls Street Journal</ref> ...ility in order to improve and grow. In this sense, nature gives the answer to high volatility in organizations.

... a complex undertaking with special needs regarding planning and execution to assure its continued spread and cost effectiveness. ...re they have to be involved during the whole construction process and have to be kept informed right from the beginning when the project idea was born.

...ss. In short it is used to reduce changes in orders because it is possible to satisfy the stakeholders even before the construction phase begins and this ...ign and construction virtually. VDC operates with dimensions going from 3D to 6D.

...nvolved. This approach analyzes how uncertainties and risk are created and how they can be managed by the means of Lean Construction principles. ...ement of construction projects is the concept of Lean. The idea of Lean is to eliminate what does not add value from the perspective of the customer. In

...ith the passage of time will be explained while finally a discussion about how Gantt chart is related with other methods will be listed. ...ntensive in western countries that any other chart similar to this, tended to be associated with Henry Gantt by taking also his name. The Gantt chart was

... Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method) and GANTT are the most used to plan into details a project, prevent uncertainties and avoid risk. These th ... hand it’s an important tool to prevent in advance future situations and to promptly identify future issues that can compromise the success of the proj

...hat will have an affect on a project, and how to win them over. It is used to identify all key stakeholders and analyze their needs. ...ect and act to prevent potential misunderstandings about and/or opposition to the policy or program; and increase support for a given policy or program.

... Lean nowadays is applied throughout all departments in a company in order to eliminate as much waste as possible and thus increase profits. .... It incorporates the standards of the PMI while giving guidance on where to focus when being lean and setting up a Lean Project. The article then focus

...of view, the programs developed into a company and finally, the individual projects inside the organization. ...s of both methodologies, from the 7 waste tool for Lean project management to the Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-Control(DMAIC) system from Six Sigma. So

...t in any business. Managing complex systems is therefore a core competency to successfully run any business. ...ons to face many small tasks instead of a really big one, what can be hard to manage or even picture it in the managers’ mind.

... to develop software. Consequently, team productivity is boosted, in order to deliver software that can meet and exceed the needs and expectations of end [[File:RUP.png|450px|right|thumb| Figure 1. The iterative model graph shows how the process is structured along two dimensions]]

...differences from a contracting perspective. The purpose of this article is to analyse the stakeholder management when '''contracting''' a large construct ...roject goes according to the project plan. The main contractor is expected to oversee and involve subcontractors and suppliers, along with managing the o

...elps organizations understand what they are achieving and what they wanted to achieve. ...em in project management but also what challenges and limitation there are to the tool.

...liverable-oriented project in hierarchical order. The primary objective is to support the project manager by giving an overview of different steps, resou ... keep update this document because believed valid and useful. In 1968, due to its success, the Department of Defense released "Work Breakdown Structures

... on 22 September 2015.</ref>. An RAM template and example will be provided to gain a deep understanding and will describe the project management simulati ...due to a poor management, to an unusual project, to when teams are allowed to self-organize, etc.

...used to monitor if the project follows the time schedule and it allows you to identify slack time (free resources)<ref name="Ver09"/>. ...ptimization of the schedule, resource planning and control of construction projects<ref name="Fon62"/>.

... mind, and the related cognitive biases that follows; can be used as tools to better deal with high-risk decisions in an inherently dynamic and complex w ...plexity and the thinking behind “engineering systems” is necessary, as to explain their relevance and usefulness.

... applied in Lean Thinking. Additionally some examples will be given in how to approach Lean Tools in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management Pr ...ia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing Lean Thinking]''': Eliminate waste in order to maximize customer value with less resources.<ref>http://www.lean.org/WhatsL

...s of which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an airplane and to compute its probable future positions) affects another mechanism (say a gui <ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/

...ganization, time schedule and the resources which are available. Succesful projects are normally achieved by doing thoroughly groundwork of the idea. ...s can be called “project” but they are actually programs as they star to extend indefinitely and cover broader, less specific business objectives.

...d construction projects all over the world. It leads to conflicts and even to great business relationships being destroyed. The reason is often that comp ...d needs and lack of alignment of expectations are just some of the reasons to project change.

...roblems during the project will not reoccur later in the project or future projects ...velopped internal risk management models and capital calculations formulas to deal with anticipated risks, as the international risk regulation <ref name

...ated with the use of BIM. These benefits have changed the way construction projects are managed, and can be considered a milestone in project management. Despi ...dingSMART Finland 2012, “Common BIM Requirements 2012: Management of BIM projects"</ref>.

...M) is a method to plan, execute, manage, and control both single and multi projects, which emphasizes the effects of resource allocation and activity duration ...f name="FR">Marris P., (2011), ''La chaîne critique pour réduire le time to market et accroître la productivité'', STP PHARMA PRATIQUES vol.21 N°5</

...xplained and management a tool, impact/probability matrix, will be applied to be a part of the process. ...t risk, people often link it together with uncertainty, while others refer to it as opportunity. Risk can also be defined as a combination of the probabi

...ies is to examine the outcomes and the lessons learnt from various similar projects that have been completed in the market from similar organizations and thus, ...ikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator ''indicators''] that companies use to assess their performance during the process of benchmarking. These indicato

...e from 15 October 2002</ref> Afterward Novo Nordisk obtained more know how to continuously improve the model and today the project managers work after th ...of PEM is investment projects, but can easily be adopted to non-investment projects as well.

...mance. The learnings and techniques from the HRO’s can be implemented in projects and in organizations who want a higher reliability. ...and organizations are able to reliably deliver the task they were asked to do.

...etitive was to create something that the big companies would never be able to replicate: an innovative fast-moving organisation. ...lyse the leadership of Lars Kolind in order to highlight which points lead to the successful implementation of the change.

...t. Lean project management is a production management-based approach aimed to make planning more effective and slim production. This is achieved through ...help minimize uncertainty, which, in the chain of events, can further lead to risk mitigation.

...day’s projects, where, they tend to require changes very frequently, due to a number of reasons such as stakeholders changing their mind often, news ab ...itable to face the common unexpected changes that come up during today’s projects.

...ho pay for low risk and project uncertainty. <ref>[''Managing Construction Projects''] ''Winch, G.M. (2010) Chapter 5.4.5, Second edition, Wiley-Blackwell'' </ ...could leave the contractor, designer or the consultant dangerously exposed to unexpected responsibilities and risks. However, without risks there will no

...rs’ motivation, as it’ll cause loss of luster and distinctiveness, not to mention the time consumption! That is just one of many mistakes and issues related to milestone planning.

...es. Additionally a quick switch between tasks and task chains is desirable to make sure the project is on schedule. A simplified comparison between tradi ...nvisioning the project network and in managing it afterwards, in constrast to dealing solely with specific technical aspects as the before mentioned meth

...fectively managed risk in hospitals, airport security, construction sites, projects, programmes, portfolios and in so many more circumstances help societies ac ...onitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

...ion within a wider scheme of it's creation and it's use, it will enable us to understand the method more holistically, thus improve it's application and ...a. It's my hope that these criteria will enable primarily project managers to improve their understanding and application of visualizations in project ma

... changes, in these conditions most of the models used in the 20th century to develop software are not still appropriate.[[Wikipedia:Waterfall model | Wa ...ering with a particular focus on the flexibility of these methods in order to cope with the customers' and markets' needs; surely [[Wikipedia: Agile Soft

...rent stakeholders or members of the team come from and use the differences to your advantage. This article focuses on the challenges, which should be dea ...Borders. Aldershot: Gower, 2007. 21-42. Print. '''Summary:''' Introduction to culture in GPM. Description of Hofstede’s and Thrompenaars’ cultural di

...ki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark Denmark] to a multi-national contractor with a turnover of 6.5 billion Danish kroner (1 ...ted together with implications from the case that can hopefully contribute to other companies not suffering the same fate.

...e likely to have significant consequences for a project, because no action to mitigate, prevent or make a plan B can be done. By applying the correct met ...any initial phase as preparation, but when conditions change over time, so do risks. By repeating the process, the risk manager is always aware of risks,

...directives. .<ref name="Managing"> G.M.Winch (2010), Managing Construction Projects, Chapter 5.4.1 ,Second edition, Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> ...nt for the entire execution of the project, and is responsible for the day-to-day overview on the construction site.

...ders is to not only know how to gain competitive advantage, but rather how to maintain it. ...ibility, ethics and environmental preservation. This has led organizations to employ various types of methodologies that ensure agility in the implementa

...d optimization of complexity in enterprises. Effects of complexity pertain to all business processes along the value chain and hence complexity managemen ...rces?" That is what portfolio management is all about: resource allocation to achieve corporate product innovation objectives.

...ncial reward of successful oil extraction was large enough for the lenders to accept the risk of failure. ...st Guardian newspaper article on PFIs in the UK]</ref>. one of the largest projects using this method being the channel tunnel between England and France<ref n

...differences from a contracting perspective. The purpose of this article is to analyse the stakeholder management when '''contracting''' a large construct ...roject goes according to the project plan. The main contractor is expected to oversee and involve subcontractors and suppliers, along with managing the o

...M) is a method to plan, execute, manage, and control both single and multi projects, which emphasizes the effects of resource allocation and activity duration ...f name="FR">Marris P., (2011), ''La chaîne critique pour réduire le time to market et accroître la productivité'', STP PHARMA PRATIQUES vol.21 N°5</

...ders is to not only know how to gain competitive advantage, but rather how to maintain it. ...ibility, ethics and environmental preservation. This has led organizations to employ various types of methodologies that ensure agility in the implementa

The methods of network-based analysis which are used to optimize the design and planning of a project are <span class="plainlinks"> ...gy is merged in a common method which is called PERT/CPM method. According to this, all the networks which are obtained by this method, they are called '

...nts of organizational effectiveness. The ability to learn is a key enabler to organizational success and competitive advantage ...tors should be included when conducting the learning. It is also important to include all stakeholders and all organizational levels.

...vely than in competing organizations. If knowledge is managed effectively, projects can be delivered successfully within budget and time. ...oject learning and knowledge creation; knowledge transfer and reuse across projects; and organizational memory and knowledge

...t in construction is to give a systematic approach to identify and respond to potential risks which may arise during the lifespan of a project. ...gement process before actually starting the construction project, in order to create a systemic, and analytically sound way of managing risks throughout

...a P, C. F. (2016). <i> Transition of Software Maintenance Teams from Scrum to Kanban </i>. 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences < ...f Kanban. Subsequently the section “Kanban Step-By-Step” describes how to use Kanban in a project management. Later an example of Kanban in a softwar

...ns which makes the model highly intuitive, even when complex decisions has to be made. For a project, program or portfolio manager who has to make many decisions AHP can be a help for standardizing and automating many

...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' ...logical level are presented and the key benefits are outlined. In addition to its’ primary area of application as a tool within project controlling, th

...uations is when the project manager or the craftsman is dominating leading to bad cooperation in the group. Precautions like this is important to be aware of when using the Last Planner System.

...ly implemented structured risks management methods to handle those threats to each and every project. The following article will try to offer a solution to that issue. As such it will define a risk and point out that risk managemen

...Furthermore, it could also help to resolve problems that occur later on in projects. ...ding and managing critical risk that can harm the project, a concept needs to be followed. RMP is a very robust approach that can be followed by risk man

...y stages of the project it could really help the NGOs to still provide aid to highly insecure areas. ...efits and objectives could not be reached. Finally, clusters are a new way to work together. It promotes innovation and is a unit with its own agenda ins

...me too complex. Through intelligent product rationalization it is possible to minimize revenue loss but ensure significant cost reductions, hence reducin ...to product variants, how to eliminate product variants effectively and how to ensure that benefits are captured. The progress and success of the project

... material in Networks and Integer Programming Supplementary at DTU - Notes to Networks and Integer Programming. Retrieved 04. September 2016 from campusn ...lled the <b>critical path</b>. This determines the shortest possible time to complete the project as well as which activities should be given a particul

...ifying, classifying and mapping the different stakeholders in construction projects, since the project otherwise could fail. ...zation that has an interest in, or can be affected by, or perceived itself to be affected by, any aspect of the project” - <ref name="iso" />

....org/wiki/Project_management_triangle Project Management Triangle]</span>. To guarantee that all project deliverables are achieved, it is very important ...ay be on budget whilst having accomplished less work than what was planned to be accomplished. On the other hand, a project may also be on budget while h

... by minimizing waste and constantly implementing reformation, all in order to increase the value for the customer. ...nstruction projects will be given. In the end, benefits and challenges due to implementation of the LPS tool are listed.

... executing and managing projects. The focus is on the project schedule and to reduce project changes and cost overruns by taking into account resource al ... can assist organizations to maximise project performances, which can lead to increased profit.

...ain factor in a project success. Therefore, for a project manager is vital to have the satisfaction of the different stakeholders under control. ...action is impacted by multiple factors during a project and it can be hard to directly manage it. However, it can be improved by understanding, aligning

A project manager has to be able to plan the project, handle the stakeholders, create a risk analysis plan, han The difference between a team that is highly motivated to solve a projects goal and a de-motivated team, could make the difference between a successf

... group development''' and draws upon psychological and managerial theories to enrich the model. ...ication of the Johari Model will be discussed in which the theoretical way to apply the model will be highlighted following two cases in two different se

...s an important tool for any organisation, as it can share knowledge across projects thus improve their project processes and elements as it will aid in avoidin ...ion. p. 6. USA. ISBN 9781933890517</ref>. The challenging task of managing projects can somewhat be aided through the usage of the tool, <span class=plainlinks

...pe the core problems and questions to assure consensus; there are 3 phases to follow: ... feedback (it can be done also online with virtual teams). It is used also to identify risks and opportunities, learning from mistakes, promoting a brain

...ct. Therefore, it is important to make use of numerous techniques in order to estimate cost fast and accurately. ... project managers use in order to estimate the cost of a project are going to be analyzed. These techniques are, the expert judgment, the analogous estim

... understand task relationships and they will be able to look farther ahead to ensure that everything is going as planned. ...manager can put in important deadlines or milestones, which helps the team to know if they are on time during the project.

...io management (NPV, DCF, see below), but might be more relevant as applied to R&D portfolio selection and optimization. R&D portfolios optimization is based on project valuation, and an alternative to classical, individual evaluation, methods such as NPV (Net Present Valuatio

...e project. Risk management is highly relevant and therefore present in all projects. ...’s unknown unknowns, the risk management process and response strategies to threats and opportunities.

...' Springer. [http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783642339226 Link]</ref> Due to this holistic approach, technology roadmaps are a valuable tool for program *'''To analyse and define''' the need for initiatives and/or programs as well as t

...ds can answer to each type of uncertainty and guide the project management to success in effective and efficient product development. # '''Select''' - Selecting the ideas to pursuit

...ues to project activities to meet the project requirement''. <ref> A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Fifth edition, Project Management ...r to manage a project, the sequential methods were largely used. According to these models, all the stages in a product’s life cycle are sequential.

...ated to describe to a programmer which functions you want in a program and how they should work and more than often the outcome of the project does not sa ...ast as possible i.e. Scrum is focused on fast output of tasks and adapting to changes in demand from the client or market. The output of the project is t

...l (2016) :” How to DO projects. DTU </ref> Lean design management works to define the the values of the project, and through collaboration incorporate ...r has a broader focus, with the emphasis on translating values and visions to a concrete project, securing maximum value for clients and providing a real

Communication and networks are two essential parts of projects that often is being neglected in project planning and project managing. ... Network Diagram is a good way of keeping track of who is the right people to manage in a project.

...m broadly used in many types of organizations to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external ...rementioned project. Evaluating these aspects separately would likely lead to a sub-optimization of one or more aspects, and consequently would make the

...ad predefined projects and was therefore more predictable. With predefined projects, the tasks involved in developing or manufacturing the final product could ...the agile framework, by using iterative and incremental processes in order to cope with the ever changing requirements and customers’ needs.

...). The decision variables will be which projects to initiate and which not to. This list provides the decision makers with a starting point, and argument ...rojects or activities to initiate that maximizes the benefits with respect to the scar resources available? This question seems simple, but in reality it

...logical market, decision-making within product-development/innovation have to be credible and solid. However, in the decision making process in product-d ...it will contain which parameters/criteria are key and appropriate in order to obtain an realistic and solid output when applying the DM, e.g. define the

...man; Bas Vodde (December 17, 2012). "The Scrum Primer: A Lightweight Guide to the Theory and Practice of Scrum (Version 2.0)."</ref> Furthermore is Scrum ...in the context of lean project management. To do so the lean principles of projects management will be outlines and later on the Scrum frame work transferred.

...most, to identify and mitigate all the new issues created by international projects, international project management requires unique methods, tools and techni ...method to '''identify all the challenges''' that ensues from international projects will be developed as, depending of the project, you can have quite differen

...ons. In order to build facilities technologically so advanced and valuable to them, the involvement of expert knowledge early on the construction process ...solved even before they become problems on the construction site and helps to reach project completion on time.

...ance of the portfolio, the cyclic evaluation and prioritization as well as to the tactical resource allocation.<ref name="rui" /> ...2" /> Hereby there are also given tools and guidelines enabling the reader to tackle the mentioned main challenges. Finally the article is concluded with

...s currently at. In extend to that, the model provides the basis for a plan to achieve continuous improvements and higher levels of maturity. The models a ...efinitions, which are as follows <ref name="BRO"> [''Using Maturity Models to Improve Project Management Practice''] '' Brooks, N.; Clark, R. 2009'' <

...the right participants and the right choice of approach and techniques not to mention distribution of the work session results. ...tation is also to get the knowledge of the participants into play in order to use the joint knowledge of the group that lets the group achieve more than

...re 2'' <ref name="PMI">The Project Management Institute, (2008). ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide)'', 4th Edition. P ...uthor's experience gained from being a member of the organisation and aims to provide the base for future research on this case.

...roactive; processes and productions is being done right initially in order to eliminate defects and waste. ... 1980s and early 1990s, but the use of TQM is not too widespread today due to competition from other quality management systems such as Lean Manufacturin

...dia.org/wiki/The_Goal_(novel) "The Goal"]'', the methodology has continued to evolve and develop into many different fields including [https://en.wikiped ...f approaches to the development of software, one can expect the production to be a software that meets the goals of Software Engineering. <ref name="Soft

...at are the best practices for managing quality to satisfy the customer and to meet quality standards. ...ended function and performance, but also their perceived value and benefit to the customer”<ref name=ISO9000>ISO9000, 2015, Quality management systems

...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' ...nagement: An International Journal, Vol. 14 Iss 1/2 pp. 7 - 21 </ref>. But how can we, as individuals, reach a high level of efficiency and effectiveness

...the technique’s Austrian expert firm Geoconsult. The project was planned to start in 1994. ...rectly as a result of this scenario jeopardized the entire project and led to the tunnel collapse occurred in the night of October 21st, 1994.

In the globalized world we see today, there is a bigger need for managers to recognise, understand, and manage different cultures. This can both be when doing projects within an organization that works in different countries and when working w

..., design and installation of management systems, organizing transportation projects and so on. <ref name=''math''> Anon. (n.d.) ''Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM. ...the shortest time, which a project can take, by valuating a task according to its predecessors.

...change and divergent living standards. However, there is still a huge need to change the way in which companies and the society produce and consume goods ...>, containing 17 goals and 169 targets, integrated and indivisible, aiming to address the world behaviour on a sustainable path.

...last decades due to the significant benefits that provided in construction projects. ...dvantages and the limitations of the implementation of BIM in construction projects are identified.

...self. It’s therefore suggested that a process manager should be assigned to any given construction project, and whom would have a vital role for its su ... and methods as much as possible and largely tries to look at construction projects as a form of production.

...st work together and understand each other's needs and timeframes in order to have a successful cooperation and deliver on time. ...om can be either temporary or continuous, and the layout of the room needs to be changed accordingly. An example of an analog war room layout is shown on

... as a "technique for identifying and analysing factors that can contribute to a specified undesired event".<ref name="iso" /> ...ject. These undesired events that are to be analysed in a FTA are referred to as the top event.<ref name="krysinski" /><ref name="patrick" />

...d to be aware about significant uncertainties, which will undoubtedly face projects during different stages of its life cycle regardless its complexity and tim ...eat the risk and finally treat relevant risks in a structured way in order to avoid or at least mitigate any harm that may cause this certain risk.

...itive biases, sub-optimal decisions are often made''' highly impacting the projects outcomes. ... integration of these approaches that professionals can undertake in order to improve their Project and Program Management in their organizations.

...verybody can be satisfied and therefore, managers need to have the ability to communicate effectively and lead people towards the goals of the project an ... on empowering managers to communicate effectively and minimise resistance to change.

...hart?- Gantt Chart History http://www.gantt.com/index.htm</ref>This allows to see at a glance: ...lishnews.com/historia-history/5595-karol-adamiecki-and-polish-contribution-to-management-science]]

...for maintenance, evacuation in case emergency and supply for air. Compared to the 12 hours trip between London and Paris by rail and ferry, the tunnel ta ...roject was to create a fixed transportation link between the two countries to improve European trade environment and provide an alternative high speed tr

...man; Bas Vodde (December 17, 2012). "The Scrum Primer: A Lightweight Guide to the Theory and Practice of Scrum (Version 2.0)."</ref> Furthermore, Scrum i ...in the context of lean project management. To do so the lean principles of projects management will be outlined and reflected on Scrum.

...isions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition. ...lps building companies, individual users and government agencies to easily do some processes. One of the key benefits is a fast time management, fast com

...e out of the market. Differentiating from the market, will allow companies to "escape" the competitiors, and be in an ocean of their own. ...n advantage on the current market the blue ocean strategy is a strong tool to work towards sustainability. <ref name=Blue_Ocean_Strategy>W. Chan Kim & Re

...he groups. E.g. a functional group with programmers allows the programmers to help and learn from one another during working hours. This results in more ...th the project have to be in close communication with one another in order to maintain a common direction for the project. The functional structure puts

...ration>http://www.graphisoft.com/archicad/open_bim/about_bim/</ref> (click to zoom)]] ...isk for failure increases with it. Furthermore, the nature of construction projects, with their high value, long duration and multiple factors of uncertainties

...number of surprises and furthermore, improves the ability to manage future projects in an organization. ...ment tool helps identifying the deliverables and thereby, helping the team to organize and define the scope. Furthermore, the WBS helps the project team

The DMAIC-framework is a Six Sigma tool used to secure the best practice in planning and executing an engineering project. ... purpose is to improve and stabilize a current process, it is advantageous to apply the DMAIC-framework. The abbreviation DMAIC stands for the following:

...alyse stakeholders. The goals for the stakeholder management processes are to: * Maximise supportive stakeholder engagement in projects

...timal way will be the analysis of this article. It will explain how to get to the best way of preparing for a presentation of ideas. .... Within Project Deliveries the pitch comes in the end as the final step - to present the idea.

...img/files/CHAOSManifesto2013.pdf' </ref>. These are just a few examples of how difficult resource management planning can be. ...agement planning could for instance help project managers and project team to solve and answer questions like:

...d for their competences <ref name=''PMBOK''> ''Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide) 6th Edition (2017) b As a project manager, one of the key roles when facilitating a project, is to lead a given project team in the desired direction. This is done by utilizi

...its Realisation Management''' or '''BRM''', is a method used in management to define and measure the '''value''' that a project, program or portfolio man ...a project, program or a portfolio, this article will cover the BRM related to a program.

...g scope change including how the workflow is from sending a change request to the actual implementation of change. These aspects will be discussed in det ...® Guide <ref name = "PMI1">Project Management Institute (2017). ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) 6th edition''. Pag

...nd temporal terms. For all these reasons, the building business is moving to new frontiers, namely: Prefabrication. ...ce completed a comprehensive and exhaustive portfolio, customers will have to adapt their requests, depending on the products provided by the company.

...r help when needed. Also every team member will know which tasks are going to be done when, by who etc. This gives every team member an overview of the p ...ritical path and task owners in a project team. Some tools are required to do so.

...to be identified and mitigated as it can contribute to severe consequences to a project, program or portfolio. Depending on the level of the uncertainty ...ng & System Safety, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 64-74, 2011.</ref>. The capability to quantify uncertainty and the potential impact in decision context is critic

...ent techniques is that excess multitasking is avoided and focus is shifted to resources and early finishes instead of specific deadlines and strict order ... Inventory. The Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) Method is also introduced, in order to ensure that the plant will produce only what is necessary, avoiding wastes

...he writes about the root causes of project failure and the steps that need to be taken in recovery attempt (like choosing the Recovery Project Manager). ...'Recovery Project Management: Techniques and Tactics For Reversing Failing Projects'', International Institute for Learning, 2010</ref>

... tool can be found.Therefore, the reference can be examined as very useful to obtain basic understanding about the tool' </ref> ...f Gantt Chart usage is explained. It is really nice paper to read in order to investigate the relation between the production and scheduling processes wi

... the project in the best possible way. The basic idea behind the method is to identify all the dependencies and interactions between the tasks and point This article analyses the Critical Path Method. It takes a closer look at how to use the method and discus the advantages and limitations of the method.

...nding of the gains of safer and more environmentally friendly concepts are to help change the mindset of the industry. The concept of ''sustainability'' ...n style="font-size:120%; line-height: 2.1em;"><blockquote>''“The ability to continue at a particular level for a period of time.”''</blockquote></spa

...carbon emission from e.g. traffic, or waste from the construction site and to recycle non-used materials. ...red in a Wiki-article, which especially considers when/where to use or not to use a CCC.

... the project progresses. This way of planning is therefore less vulnerable to delays. When it comes to schedule managing methods in construction there are two overall ways the pr

...ovides a common language when talking about processes, and allowing people to operate solely based on facts. In this article, the introduction and implementation of VSM to the construction industry will be discussed. Initially a generic formulatio

... fields of projects espacially in construction process and in construction projects as it is technical demanding and the teams are large and diverse <ref>[''ht Different leadership styles will be presented and a description of how the most effective and appropriate leadership can be performed when the goa

...an increasing effort have been made to improve the quality of construction projects by a number of political initiatives<ref name="art1Kir">Schultz, Casper S., ...ypes of QC. The standard DS/ISO 21500 outlines different aspects that have to be considered when performing QC, why these are mentioned in the article. D

...ith the other stakeholders of the project and then finish with some advice to avoid most common pitfalls. ...ct Manager run parallel but are different from each other, it is important to know both what project sponsorship is and what it is not (this will be disc

...n goals are written down the rate of reach them is increased. Then what to do for time management and which tools can be used? ...<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M. (2010 2.edition), Managing Construction Projects, Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>

...ndustry that often encounters difficulties with keeping time schedules due to delays during the construction period. Concerning the construction manageme ...stry, where it is a method of forwarding materiel or work from one process to the next, at the moment where it is required at the succeeding process. Thu

...to choose those who are appropriate, competent and trustworthy. This leads to the lemon problem which attends the problem regarding asymmetry of informat ...ion by making a set of codified documents that suppliers can make a bid on to offer their construction services. From the respond the client can then cho

... for business to take action. One essential thought behind these goals was to make them famous, so that we all have common goals and know what we are fig ... its energy consumption with the lowest cost. However, the question is how to implement the SDGs in the construction industry. <ref>http://byggerietssamf

... continuously gives support and can be foreseen as something not intended to die. ...ork breakdown structure", is a tool which has some large benefits in order to obtain a good cost-, time planning and execution of the project. There are

...IMBIMBIM.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 1: BIM during different phases (click to zoom)]] ...tly between the different users. More specific the article will go through how BIM enables the execution of the construction phase.

...tions can be made for surprises and it can be developed ability to respond to them when they happen. Risk management is a learning process through time, ...file will be discussed. This will include points that must be investigated to achieve a full risk profile. At the end risk profiles and its limitations w

...r. <ref name="Dreamcathcer"> Autodesk (2017). https://autodeskresearch.com/projects/dreamcatcher. (10-06-2017)</ref>. ]] ... great report recently stated that one of the main subjects to focus on is to infuse digital technology and advanced automation.

... an escalation of the transaction costs while the costs of production seem to be pushed down. <ref name="curtis"> Curtis, B., Ward, S. and Chapman, C., C ... from direct contact with the architect while the architects were required to produce complete designs before tender.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M.,

...t continuously gives support and can be foreseen as something not intended to die <ref name="Mulcahy">Mulcahy, Rita. (2013), Rita Mulcahy’s PMP exam pr ...ich implies: History, description, application and limitations in relation to project management.

...rned about global warming effects. Thus, many countries are creating plans to construct only sustainable buildings in near future. ...that can lead humanity to achieve this aim. Many of those strategies apply to the construction sector.

...pportunistic behavior by the supplier. Consequently, the client might want to switch supplier. However, the costs of switching supplier are often high an ...e proceedings, and used Ludwig Wittgenstein’s idea of family resemblance to come up with a definition for alliancing. This definition will be presented

[[File:bli.PNG|400px|thumb|right|Use of risk management in construction projects<ref name="Martin" />]] ...management. With early realization of possible risk sources it is possible to mitigate high costs that other wise can threaten the project.

..., the strong owner concept will be presented, it is a framework looking at projects from the client's perspective. ... concept.<ref name=Winch <i>Winch, Graham M., 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition"</ref>]]

...cision making under risk, is the expected value of criterion also reffered to as the Bayesian principle. This is the only one of the four decision method ...or consequences of such an action. The objective of a decision analysis is to discover the most advantageous alternative under the circumstances.

...ined. The idea behind the article is to convey the two various aspects and how they have an influence on each other. ...he diverse cultures within an organization and how the leader must respond to these diverse cultures.

...ypes of QC. The standard DS/ISO 21500 outlines different aspects that have to be considered when performing QC, why these are mentioned in the article. D ...licies are essential. QC is a part of managing conformance in construction projects, and QC can continuously be improved by [[Total Quality Management]].

...n goals are written down the rate of reach them is increased. Then what to do for time management and which tools can be used? ...<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M. (2010 2.edition), Managing Construction Projects, Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>

..., when goals are written down the rate of reach them is increased. What to do for time management and which tools can be used? ...ing use of the 3D construction model and the time schedule which is linked to it, that gives 4D-Planning.The methods CPM and 4D-Planning will be explaine

...he higher the risks to which the project is exposed. In fact, construction projects face a very uncertain environment consisting of planning, design and constr Furthermore, the time to conclude a project can be very extensive and, with time, changes occur in p

...ndustry that often encounters difficulties with keeping time schedules due to delays during the construction period. Concerning the construction manageme ...stry, where it is a method of forwarding materiel or work from one process to the next, at the moment where it is required at the succeeding process. Thu

...ed about global warming effects. Thus, many countries are developing plans to construct exclusively sustainable buildings in the near future. ...that can lead humanity to achieve this aim. Many of those strategies apply to the construction sector.

Welcome to our Conceptbox - an online resource for project management tools, methods a ..., inspired by the Project Canvas and in line with the four perspectives on projects:

...h is desirable and possible to implement, wherein the encouraged tactic is to think of the impossible.<ref name="change">Rasmussen, L. (2011). Facilitati ...rein obstacles are identified and potentially create an action-plan on how to realise the project.

...d audience for the article is students new to project management and needs to understand what a Business case contains and its relevance. ...back period or Net Present Value(NPV) which is more comprehensive compared to the payback period analysis.

...ds can answer to each type of uncertainty and guide the project management to success in effective and efficient product development. #'''Select''' - Selecting the ideas to pursuit

... exemplifies that the intended benefits of using a clear goal hierarchy is to help an organisation achieve its goals while maximizing the value. ... it is intended to generate. The article will also provide examples of how to create a desirable goal hierarchy using the GBS method. This article will m

...imating time people are inclined to plan with optimistic biases. According to Buehler et al (1994) prediction without render and consider the past and hi ...f tasks in due time in predicting time depend heavily on the perception of how the certain person saw the delay happen.

...es where the objective is a constraint e.g. EU-research funding is limited to a certain cost. ...this project so that limits your work. However, you can add more resources to the project but that costs you money.

...ers to measure success (see Triple Constraint) but there a more objectives to evaluate success. A general tendency is that construction projects approach a wider success criteria method. It’s done by including new quan

...ey"/> When setting a goal, there are two important concepts that one needs to have in mind; '''''efficiency''''' and '''''effectiveness'''''.<ref name="l Efficiency shows how productively resources are used to achieve a goal and effectiveness is a measure of the relevance of the goal.

...ng outcomes have to be drawn from former project failure to improve future projects. ...s successful development. In case of just slight disharmony -> take time to reassess reasons and take corrective action. Understand stakeholders’ con

...s, tons of steal, etc. This can vary in levels of detail, from 1 parameter to several *Projects are rarely totally unique, often repetition of activities at lower levels o

...nager. <ref>PMI:Project Management Institute,''Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide)'', 6th Edition 2017 ... the unpredictable (known unknowns) or even the things that are impossible to foresee. And that is why we, as project managers need tools and learn from

...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' '''The Stage-Gate Process''' (also referred to as ''Phase-Gate Process'') is a project management tool, dividing the time

...lenge. Risks are quantified by using likelihood or probability of an event to occur and its impact on the outcome or situation. Risks then can be categor ...uction, safety and etc. and its criticality cannot be overlooked. In order to highlight the importance and challenges that are faced during risk quantifi

...ect life cycle theory and a specially developed framework, to provide help to the project manager in the different project phases. ...f different tools and theories, there is a need to explain these. in order to fully understand the end framework.

...oject management and commonly together with the critical path method (CPM) to control, plan and schedule. ...o costs for each activity. However, PERT use has been increasingly applied to all CPM scheduling.[1]

... it is called Kano model. This Article provides an overview, how to use it to find out the requirements, gives an example and represents advantages and d ...nt types, the model provides. The model gathers the needs of the customers to include them in the development of a product or service. <ref>

... risks with proportionally many potential risk responses it is challenging to treat all risks most beneficially for the project. ...to help providing factual justification for the treatment of each risk and to establish an overview is the '''decision tree'''. <br>

...od for product innovation, program or project, bringing ideas from concept to launch. Stage-Gate consists of five different stages<ref name="Stage"/>: ... stage. Dealing with risk and uncertainty is often one of many pitfalls in projects. Stage-Gate takes this into account, as the risk and uncertainty will decre

...as established for chemical industries, in order to evaluate risks related to the possible deviations of a project. ...ated, terminologies are clarified, and a preliminary HAZOP enables members to acquire sufficient knowledge about the studied system. The plant is divided

...outube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVgxZnRT54E|350|right| Introduction to Scenario Planning <ref name="caplice"/><ref name=boasson>Boasson, Y., (2004 ... where innovation and disruption has had everyone looking for the next way to flip over the table in the ever-changing markets. <ref name="amer">Amer, M.

...d reflect this learning back into their work. In other words, it will help to unpack complex problems, analyze stakeholder influence and understand pathw ...ul-when-used-to-plan-the-whole-policy-research-initiative/''] ''ROMA, used to plan policy change''</ref>

... technical, economic, environmental and political (STEEP) trends are going to affect it. The holistic integrated pictures of the future assist companies to both quantify and qualify their future policies and strategies creating an

...ial to address adjustments, optimizations, risks, limitations etc. related to a project at the very start. Hence a FS is an optional first stage of a pro ...of programs, but for the single projects included it will only be sensible to carry out FS for the latter type. For simplification, the aspects of a FS w

...eporting is the process of tracking, reviewing, and reporting the progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan. ...mation should be available in a time range that allows the project manager to eventually take effective corrective actions <ref>Project Management: Plann

...d the many uncertainty’s in a project. How to deal with human factors on projects will be the focus of this article. ...’s open culture and dynamics of company’s forces the work environments to constantly reform and evolve the workgroups. Because these groups often are

...n optimisation of scheduling and resource usage. Each task can be assigned to a specific resource (team member or employee) on a specific date in the cal ...or coordination and task allocations within development projects, semester projects (project conducted by 4-7 students during a semester term), or a bachelor/m

...ope creep are transparency, good planning and overview. Suggestions on how to handle scope creep are also given, if this is unavoidable. ...''how’s''” and is more focused on the work that needs to be completed to deliver a product, result or service. Product scope is on the other hand th

...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' ...ennsylvania: PMI, 2008, Chapter 3, 59) </ref>. Project success is relevant to project cost, completion date, customer expectations, performance, quality,

...intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation, since hasty decisions may have big impact on a project, progra ...ined a set of decision-making skills which will help groups or individuals to choose the best possible alternative.

...ly developed by the car manufacturing company Toyota. It is often referred to as the 3 M's of waste in lean manufacturing. Lean manufacturing or lean production refers to a methodical approach to eliminate wastes in a manufacturing company without reducing productivity.

...cts that starts and ends, are the capabilities of the persons who lead the projects, the project managers. ...t the candidate is the right person. Even a track record of many completed projects are not a guarantee that the project manager will not wreck the organizatio

...t helps with the identification of benefits and their criteria in relation to specific organisational aims or objectives.<ref name=" Breese " /> ... the cost is significant higher than the value of the benefits, it is hard to justify its execution. By conducting a benefits map, the end document will