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... promote lateral thinking and encourage exploration through brainstorming. It has a broad application across project, program and portfolio management as ... develop and pursue sub-optimal solutions. Project managers can often find it difficult to facilitate discussions between team members and stakeholders,

...s mentioned above will be discussed. A brief analysis will be given on how it is used in business practice to increase efficiency and a detailed paragrap ...xpectations of an individual or company as it is falsely made to look that it is easier to achieve. Although this sounds negative if not met, increased e

As it can be seen in these definitions, roles and responsibilities are not the sa Personal classification is important as it brings all project stakeholders together. Formal roles and responsibilitie

...rguments is not sufficient to accomplish what you want from a negotiation. It is important to have an understanding of the opponents priorities, and inte ...ibutive behavior, is to assume that the pool of resources is fixed because it rarely is. <ref name="PON"/>

...es are used to create the whole project plan more efficient and effective, it was created to eliminate confounding factors within the project and to avoi ..., the project planning has to consider a lot of things simultaneously, but it is also very important to ponder in which way and rate the steps are execut

...complex building projects and building it 100 % digital from the 3D model, it is necessary for the project team to have a software tool that can help org ...ications is estimated to almost 10% of the total building cost3. Therefore it is highly necessary that the project team have a tool that can help creatin

...most importance when starting a new project whatever scale it might be on. It is done to ensure the resources are used efficiently and in most cost effec ...workflows and may therefore be expected to be a useful alternative to CPM. It implies a shift in focus from primarily the activities to the flow of work

But to be able to manage these highly complex building projects, it is necessary for the project team to have a software tool that can help org ...mated to almost 10% <ref name=MTH/>. of the total building cost. Therefore it is highly necessary that the project team have a tool that can help creatin

...ands it is inevitable to have a flexibility in the management of projects. It can be said that there two opposite sides of project management approach ex It can be stated that there is no single “best” methodology that would rep

... as how to implement the model in a program. Since the model was developed it has been criticized for being inflexible because of its linear nature and K ...an> are to lead the temporary organization through the time it exists till it has reached the program’s strategic objectives and benefits. <ref name="T

... this aspect in terms of supporting project managers along with a project. It introduces the philosophy of scheduling and proposes a way of executing the Even though the process starts at an early stage, it is inseparable part and accompanies a project manager to an end of a projec

...alls. These issues have been a major topic for researchers especially when it comes to large transportation infrastructure projects. Here, the Danish geo ... first explain the background of the establishment of the RCF method. Then it will give an overview of the disadvantages of false forecasts followed by e

...ledge across projects thus improve their project processes and elements as it will aid in avoiding repeating the same mistakes and in building on the suc ...will probably tend to focus on explicit, and at times, embedded knowledge. It is however important that lessons learned covers all types of knowledge obt

...oduce data that can be used in deciding a response to corresponding risks. It is a 2nd step of project risk management, after risk identification and bef ...it may result in a delay of 50% of schedule or 50% of additional cost then it may be classified as “Major”. The risk(R) is calculated by multiplying

...x #c11e4a; width: 20%; height: 200px;"| '''1. Projecting: Why should we do it?''' ... 2px #c11e4a; width: 20%; height: 200px;"|'''4. Living: How should we live it?'''

...rovide a universal language even the unprofessional clients can understand it. BIM will act as a tool for managing the construction and design projects ...t. Construction project management software does more than automate tasks. It connects BIM information and people, helping to increase productivity and l

The PM might want to take it a step further and crash the project when the resources have been optimized ...st projects will in some way or another experience crashing. Be it because it is running behind and needs to catch up with an already agreed upon deadlin

...ef>. People negotiate everyday in their life even when they do not realize it and project management is no different, for that reason this article will f ...illsPM"></ref>. Negotiation skills can be learned but in order to do that, it is essential that the Project Manager spends time, money and energy to lear

...t. When people gratify one of their needs, another need takes the place of it in our minds. Thus, people move from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy ...t management Institute (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition) part 3 page 716</ref> It means project managers are directly in contact with their team as a leader

... The explanation of the usage of the tools and techniques, as well as when it is appropriate to use them, is mentioned. ...ful and challenging process, especially for portfolio reviews What is more it is undeniable that portfolio review meetings are overwhelming, overdue and

...if this could be done for other fields to simplify the content and display it in a table where a glance would tell several characteristics of the content ...y applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities. It is necessary to accomplish appropriate application and integration of the p

...ther. The limitations of such a statement is thus, deeply dependent on how it is constructed, communicated to others in the organization and used by the ...how the direction of the project and the desired outcomes. Furthermore, is it to inspire the project team working on the project, as well as the projects

Before starting the project, it is essential to make sure that the project is worth to conduct which means

...risis management within organizations in a project management environment. It will introduce how project managers identify crisis and states how to deal No matter how well a project is planned and prepared, it is impossible to eliminate all unknown variables, due to the rapidly changi

... not applicable for the current project. To see the full potential of KPIs it is important to have a clear idea of which assessments to measure and how. ...y benchmark their progress and performance with similar projects. However, it requires that both projects are measuring the same indicators to have a val

...t may be not applicable or hard to apply to smaller organizations and that it is prefered by experienced rather than inexperienced project managers. ... Applications,1968, VON BERTALANFFY, New York, George Braziller</ref>, and it brought to the creation of Project Management tools as network chart or Gan

...ref> Defining the exact success in these studies can be hard and therefore it is relevant to define project management success factors in order to have t ...ing successful management of projects have been developed throughout time. It is indeed a complex theme, but the benefits gained in a project from the ac

...Is together, it can guide a company to improve performance effectively, if it is used precisely. ...e application of KPI in circumstances where other terms are more suitable. It is, therefore, important to establish the metric beforehand, and also deter

...ed when trying to manage the project and a price for which we want to sell it. ...service is not only directly related to the perception of their value, but it is also associated to the customers perception of quality of the product. T

To deliver a project on time and on budget it must be expertly managed. As humans are not rational beings, such managemen ...tial reference point, adjusting it to reach estimate rather than realizing it has become irrelevant.

First of all it is necessary to understand which are the main stakeholders for an organizat ...d and who are the people in charge for a correct and effective delivery of it. The same concepts will be treated more in depth even later.

... that is need to execute on the portfolio management part of the strategy. It provides the tools and accumulated experience in order to become a good and

... the initiation of projects is presented to give an idea how this can make it or break in the early phases of a project, and additionally a tool to deter ...ead, the organization proceeds directly from starting up a project ...then it may risk committing significant financial resources to a project without fu

...ient through various projects. In order to create value for the customers, it can help the process to point out which areas in the project should focus o ...started to get credit and recognition of their important role in projects. It was first at this time the meaning of the manager role get real because the

...lic-and-private-sector-construction/ [Accessed 17 Feb. 2019].'' </ref> and it accounted for between 7% of total U.S. GDP.<ref name=''GDP''> ''2018 FMI Ov ...uide could help project managers to define risks within their projects but it is a discipline that is highly dependent on the manager criteria.

...trolling activities in project management. However, due to its complexity, it includes several topics and steps, i.e. organising project, assigning respo ...strategy of choosing the most valuable and applicable one for the project. It itemizes the necessary inputs of the measurement and shows various outputs

...company. The business plan can be more or less comprehensive, but the more it is well thought out the higher is the chance of success. A typical method t ...value proposition has a high variation of possible value types, as example it can be in form of performance, customization, design and/or cost reduction.

There exist different estimation techniques. It is important to mention that these are not only limited to the planning pha ...xample by turning to a professional consulting agency. During the process, it is a good idea to provide documents, data and other relevant information th

...ined, discussing the habits relevance for project management and connected it to best practice in project management. ...the meaningful things in life. There will always be different stimuli, but it’s how we react on those things that builds character, which later will ma

...e aim of this paper is to explain the concept of the triplet constrain and it's application and limitations in project management and to reflect on the d ...ef>. These constraints are often interdependent on each other which is why it is important to balance the constraints against each other. According to IS

... of the project will take to complete, how the work will be broken down so it can be achieved and when each task should be initiated. If teams do not pla ...y defines what work needs to be done, how that work will be done, and when it will be done. Given the temporary nature of a project the success of a proj

...r. However, a project could also be a success and bring opportunities with it. To make use of these business opportunities, organisations set highest pri ...oss-functionality as well as reducing risks at the same time. Furthermore, it is the project manager’s responsibility to monitor the delegated work and

...SWOT can be applied in many different areas in project management, whether it is business strategy or market research but is especially used within marke Many companies when facing a problem whether it is external or internal, by using SWOT they can create a quick overview of

For every type of organization, it is most likely that they have in one way or another, implemented the use of ...as (2009) ''The failure of risk management: Why it's broken and how to fix it ''Page 46" </ref>.

...rom the plethora of the available key performance indicators. In addition, it will emphasize upon the reasons for failure with regards to KPI implementat ...he success or failure of the project. A KPI is not just an ordinary metric,it can make or break a project.

In Project / Program / Portfolio Management it is crucial to come up with ideas for the best solution for the problem at h ...this can be used for planning the project optimally, in program management it can, for example, be used to optimise the running program and in portfolio

...his definition points out that the use of time is not an aim in itself but it focuses on some goal-directed activity, which are carried out in a way that ...cting and organizing incoming information into a set of action categories. It can be noticed that the focus is on doing the actions that best match the a

...w. Because of this relation, it also relates to milestone payment, because it is also a tool to control the money coming out in form of salaries and bonu

...w. Because of this relation, it also relates to milestone payment, because it is also a tool to control the money coming out in form of salaries and bonu As the word “progress payment” strongly hints, it means that its payment after the progress.

... the sake of itself. A person might simply enjoy a certain activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize potentials. ...individual has identified with the importance of the activity or behavior. It has been accepted as necessary.

However, a traditional CPM schedule is not realistic, because it assumes unlimited resources, some of which are highly limited in practice<r ...ion of 'project' can be found in the Project Management Body of Knowledge: it ''is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, o

..., to show the different aspects of leadership and management. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the project managers role stated in the PMBOK® Guide <re ...stability while leadership is about embracing chaos, as Kotter [1990] puts it as “Management is about coping with complexity. Leadership, by contrast,

...ge Project Management (OPPM), what it can be used for and why it’s good. It will be defined what the 5 different features behind the OPPM is. Afterward ...he OPPM can be created in the 12 different step the agile OPPM consist of. It will also be described how the tool can be maintained in 7 different steps

...e employees and partly on a team. Additionally, the study also showed that it could be predicted how a team will perform based on the composition of the ...ands-on ‘need to know’ approach on Belbin theory and tools, how to use it, and why.

... rationalizing or developing a new range of product projects (a platform), it is essential to get an overview of the entire product program. An overview ...correctness of product details which is why it is of high importance, that it is developed in collaboration with key stakeholders, that bring important k

...aboratively involving key participants very early in the project timeline. It is distinguished by a multiparty contractual agreement that incentivizes co ...s to provide a description of the IPD method and a short discussion on how it has been rising as a promising method to avoid some of the inefficiencies o

When considering governance, it is important to differentiate between the several different types that may It appears that project governance is an ambiguous concept that suffer under a

Cost estimation is equally important as process planning. It is the initial step in any business or making a budget and also to calculat ''It is the act of creating detailed work instruction from design data for makin

...project planning. This article clarifies milestone planning and how to use it in project management. ...s in a project are sequenced. Milestones are targets in the project phase, it does not have a duration, but they need to be completed at before a given d

... sectors eg. the construction sector has a whole different nature than the IT-development sector. Agile in its full form is covering various aspects as; ...e) is applicable to a business and rather throughout describe how to apply it.

...del was used in order to understand and develop effective communication as it offers insights in the way in which communication is designed. Shannon and ...ted as one of the main seeds out of which communication Studies has grown. It is a clear example of the process school, seeing communication as the trans

''“A habit is defined as a motor or cognitive routine that, once it is triggered, completes itself without conscious supervision.”'' <ref>Ber ... issue to your project manager or keeping it to yourself because you think it is someone else's responsibility.

...s The Seven Sourcing Business Models will be explained in this article and it will be elaborated how PBC fits into this theory. Performance-based contrac ...TING. </ref>. The advantage of using this business model is therefore that it leaves the contractor with more room for innovation and creative solutions

...introduction to the term '''programmification''' and explain where and how it deviates from projectification. The term '''programmification''' is devised When an organisation moves from functional management to project management, it is called ''projectification''. <ref>Midler, C. (1995). “Projectification

... company then has to take decision and adjust the plans along the process. It is considerably important to evaluate all the threats, and the risks must b ...nch one new product to the market.<ref name="ComplexPM"/> During this time it is required a lot of coordination between different stakeholders that usual

...oject may be successfully delivered in terms of time, quality and cost but it may conform to the company’s strategic goals, thus decreasing its value a ...ept of efficiency versus effectiveness will be discussed. In this context, it will give an example of measuring benefits. After clarifying the link betwe

...he past decades. More importance has been given to this topic and nowadays it is perceived as something we should always consider in everything we do. ... necessary to include it while thinking about project management. Although it has all this recognition there is a lack of a common structure and language

...e. Project Charters can be crucial for choosing the right project, because it shows a frame of the project and thus helps the management to decide to ini ... a guide how to develop such a charter. Moreover, it discusses when to use it and points out pros and cons of the Project Charter. In addition, an examp

...mmunication is one of the key components of successful project management. It helps to make sure vital information are exchanged properly and that tasks ::: 3. When it has to be done

... to rate the projects against the criteria that the company has developed. It may also include early estimates of dependencies and high-level resource re ... maximized portfolio may be out of balance in important ways. For example, it may have an inappropriate risk profile, subjecting the organization to eith

...ed team members as well as complex programs involving thousands of people. It is available in four different configurations depending on the needs of the The main aim of SAFe is to make it possible for a company to deliver as much value as possible in the shortest

...from Project Management, as well as defines the role of sponsor by linking it strongly with principals such us leadership, risk-taking and strategy plann ...ment literature often discusses the role of the Project Executive Sponsor, it fails to describe the factors contributing to effective Project Sponsorship

...d as the direct measure of the performance or success of a project, and as it is intrinsically bound up on virtually every other aspect of the project, e ...for and it was delivered on time, if it was not on the budget or close to, it will often be regarded as (at least partial) failure.

... management methodology and highly useable for managing advanced projects. It is designed to drive projects with focus on benefits in each stage of the p ...itical evaluation of PRINCE2 it undertaken, to demonstrate the limitations it has. The article will describe how the PMBOK Guide can cover PRINCE2 limita

... next project and how project managers can use and benefit from this tool. It will furthermore be discussed if the benefits produced from a project incre ...=QMS/> General principles of risk-based thinking will be explained and why it is important to include in the QMS and project management in a company.<ref

...other hand, if active listening is not utilized correctly or overperformed it will have the opposite effect as the project manager will seem arrogant for ...he purpose of this article is to describe what active listening is and how it can strengthen stakeholder relationships and project success.

...wed by a step by step guidance on the implementation of BSC in PPM and how it should be initiated. Also, the limitations and risks derived from the imple ... opportunity for a company to describe its intangible and tangible assets. It does not try to valuate the intangible assets but to provide measures to ev

...ns of requirements, is the fact that it is an integrated model. This means it specifies the entire system design, and in a subset of this endeavor relati ... the business objectives and harvest the benefits it was initiated for, or it may even negatively affect the entire organization, fx. if an accident occu

...iscussed. Many authors distinguishes between Goals and Objectives although it will not be the case for this article. ...how goals and objectives can affect actions, and the application of goals. It addresses the relationships between goals and performance; difficulty of go

... a new Opera House. SMART goals are relevant to project management because it describes the process behind developing sufficient and relevant goals which ...t in the beginning of a project process. As a part of the quality criteria it is stated that the projects objectives should be specific, measurable, achi

...nd possible solutions about a specific common problem or area of interest. It was not communicated as a formal creative process until Alex Osborn detaile ... and acknowledge the defined and necessary steps of the process. Moreover, it is imperative that everyone is equal and shares different perspectives.

...ll types of projects and should be set up in the beginning of the project. It is often the project manager who makes the model, with input from the rest ...be used in all types of projects and should be set up in the beginning, so it can be used to give a cost estimation.

...ational architecture formed by the increasing globalization and use of new IT.

* Understand the problem before you try to solve it * Test the system before delivering it

...s it is difficult to understand what the best behaviors in scheduling are, it is important to have an understanding about how different scheduling method ...duling consists mainly of relations to other humans and communicating, but it also consists of reacting and acting according to the determined methods of

...ex project system of communication?’. As Daft and Lengel universally put it, "How do organizations perform this miracle?" <ref name="DAFT"/> ...d straight ahead, so I will move in that direction in order to get and eat it'), but have through time evolved substantially to highly complex, human dec

...ication of this method is described with what advantages and disadvantages it comes with, finally a section with its limitation of this method. ...ated to help teams to adapt continuously to projects changing environment. It is a systematic and structured process that allows project managers to enha

...duled time, Increased Budget and compromise with the quality. Or sometimes it may fail.<ref name= "Meyer">De Meyer, A., Loch, C. H., & Pich, M. T. (2002) ...eseen risks which now becomes foreseen risks for the next project and also it is a sheet of a lesson learned during the whole life cycle of project.<br>

...ount of information processed is enhanced leading to wise decision making. It is considered a good business practice with the data acquired contributing ...ers to apply their experience and knowledge on assessing it and evaluating it. Emphasis is given in addressing all the key figures and risks when applyin

...s with others are considered part of human nature. While it is unavoidable it is however of great importance to minimize conflict in projects, as they ma ...ed upon, but a single one explained more in depth, in an attempt at making it a more applicaple tool.

Today there is many different methods and approaches to scheduling. It can either be by computer-based planning tools or done manually. <ref name= ..."Milosevic"/> There are many ways to create a Gantt Chart, and in the end, it depends on the project and the working style. In the table below some gener

...understand how precisely manufacturing has evolved since the end of 1800s. It is possible to distinguish four different industrial revolutions that the w ... efficiency and aided make factory machinery more able to be moved easily. It was during this stage that mass production concepts - for instance the asse

... that can be used to understand and manage the context element, and lastly it will present the limitations of the context element concept. ... and many other aspects. In order to get a better overview of the concept, it can be organised into the different categories, the project context, the te

...s. The manpower cost is higher, because it must be highly specialized, and it has to adapt its knowledge depending on the site and the project to be impl ...fficiency, both in economic and temporal terms. For all these reasons, is it possible to say that, the building business is moving to new frontiers, nam

This section mainly talks about what actions element is and why it is so important. Meanwhile, the organization of the actions element could b ...anagement, which may lead to project failure. Clearly defined actions make it easy to allocate the workload between the team members and keep the process

...a statement, as well as the project managers role in clearly communicating it. In order to investigate this, this article is based on information from th ...t must be communicated to all involved in the project clearly in order for it to have a profound effect on the success of the project.

Before starting the project, it is essential to make sure that the project is worth to conduct which means ...on methods used during managing a different kind of projects in the world. It has been constructed in the way allowing to be applied to the projects in d

... and equipment. Proper resource management is important in this matter, as it must ensure that people are not overloaded with work, and that time is effe

... and equipment. Proper resource management is important in this matter, as it ensures that individuals are not overloaded with work, and that time is eff ...d use team and physical resources. The key benefit of this process is that it establishes the approach and level of management effort needed for managing

...nts that are made, and the project manager is also responsible for proving it. * It is focused on high-risk, high-uncertainty, complex investment decisions. Th

...onsolidation of the plan is the final step and accomplished by documenting it. <ref name="gbm"/> ...structure; or a prototype in an electronics project cannot be tested until it must be produced. Another classification for the mandatory dependencies is

...pts the construction from continuing or causes the project to be extended. It should be noted that the purpose of crisis management is not only to preven It is important to note the traditional system of procurement and tendering in

..., which is responsible for the accomplishment of pursued goals. But how is it that leaders produce good results, if not with the support and effort of th ...Praise of Followers. Harvard Business Review, 66(6), (p.142–148).</ref>. It is, therefore, equally important for any project’s, programme’s or orga

...y be a painful and time consuming procedure, it is considered valuable and it should not be neglected. ...e in the project. It should be one of the first steps of each project and it aims to identify everyone with a concern who needs to be involved.

...ng PERT/COST which was the first approach to the Work Breakdown Structure. It is worth pointing out, that this guide was adopted in all services as a mil ...n order to achieve the project objectives <ref name="ISO"/>. Specifically, it creates the backbone of the project and provides a clear visual overview of

...n which is needed in order to execute on the strategy of the organization. It provides the tools and accumulated experience to become a good and successf ...e world of projects into tight integration with other business operations. It brings projects into harmony with the strategies, resources, and executive

...ted in the previous step and assess whether an item is actionable, meaning it requires the user to perform an action. Erase the items that are not action ...if this should be the innate way to manage a project, in most of the cases it is not how people plan when they consciously try to get a project under con

...ferent skills incorporated to become emotionally intelligent. In addition, it ties the significance of having a diverse team, and how to avoid mishaps wi ...rking towards achieving certain project’s objectives. With this in mind, it is important for the manager to be aware of the '''Five Stages of Team Deve

...A project has subsequently been considered successful upon finalization if it is delivered in time, on budget and according to specifications (Atkinson). ...mance from a management point of view, while However, they fall short when it comes to shaping the purpose or the content of the project, which raises qu

...together and producing high quality results whilst taking pleasure through it. An advanced definition is also given by Kur (1996) <ref name="Nana">, Kur, It refers to a process and activities for improving team performance. This art

...s. The manpower cost is higher, because it must be highly specialized, and it has to adapt its knowledge depending on the site and the project. Using the SWOT analysis tool, is it possible to identify all the internal and external factors, in a business p

...oject may be successfully delivered in terms of time, quality and cost but it may conform to the company’s strategic goals, thus decreasing its value a ...ept of efficiency versus effectiveness will be discussed. In this context, it will give an example of measuring benefits. After clarifying the link betwe

Sustainability is one of the main topics in the 21st century. Therefore it is no surprise sustainability reached also the process of project managemen ...ucts, it is necessary to be aware of the limitations of the model and what it cannot cover. This will be described in the last part of this article.<ref>

... company then has to take decision and adjust the plans along the process. It is considerably important to evaluate all the threats, and the risks must b ...nch one new product to the market.<ref name="ComplexPM"/> During this time it is required a lot of coordination between different stakeholders that usual

Before starting the project, it is essential to make sure that the project is worth to conduct which means ...on methods used during managing a different kind of projects in the world. It has been constructed in the way allowing to be applied to the projects in d

...hen an activity is able to be completed, as all other activities preceding it must be fulfilled before the next activity may be done. PERT diagrams are i ...d their dependencies start to pile up the Gantt chart gets too complex and it's hard to read and follow, losing the most fundamental advantage of the Gan

...d as the direct measure of the performance or success of a project, and as it is intrinsically bound up on virtually every other aspect of the project, e ...for and it was delivered on time, if it was not on the budget or close to, it will often be regarded as (at least partial) failure.

Therefore, it seems apparent that it should be possible to listen to an evolutionary purpose in project and prog ...s it has to come from the project team members or stakeholders themselves, it cannot be imposed. Also, having an evolutionary purpose in a project team w

...nderstand the different levels of impact of the change being initiated, so it can be translated and communicated to all relevant stakeholders, in a way t ...al understanding of change management and program management. In addition, it will give the reader the acquired knowledge to discuss the overall theory b

..., is the ability to control and redirect disruptive feelings and impulses. It is the ability to think before acting, suspending snap judgments, and impul ...usly about which of the many tasks he should focus on each day. And he did it all with panache — Eisenhower was Gallup’s most admired man of the year

...ss should begin with exploring the problem space. for this to be a success it is important to refrain from having a solution orientated perspective when ... next step. The deliver stage that marks the end of the second diamond and it’s the final stage in the double diamond. Where the user starts prototypin

...ployees at the workplace, as it was identified as an important factor when it comes to the productivity and receiving the final outcome of the projects. ...nd Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions</ref>, so it’s also considered as a state of readiness to undertake a particular actio

...ter; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Whom are we doing this for? Who is doing it? ...xtend we can ‘manage’ people - like marionettes in a puppet show. Yet, it is widely recognized that project managers can influence, enable, nurture,

...to understand which people will be impacted or will impact the project and it helps the organisation in managing them. ... the quality standards, requirements and responsibilities in a project and it ensures that those are going to be met.

...tivities and practices to identify and analyse the program's stakeholders. It allows the program manager to comprehend the stakeholders' needs and expect ...ies which allows the program to deliver the desired outcomes and benefits, it includes the decision making, the practices to support the program and the

... alignment of the projects and programs with the vision of the company and it helps developing response to changes and forces which can affect the purpos ...ch can be affected by the portfolio activities and outcomes. In particular it ensures a good communication of the portfolio information and the stakehold

...] The purpose of the tool is to understand the project stakeholders, since it is a core element for doing successful projects. ...holders:''' The third and last step is to understand the key stakeholders. It is important to understand how the stakeholders feel about the project, and

...competencies each employee has, the competencies the team/project has, and it also identifies who lacks the training to achieve more competencies write < ... activity should be performed by, resources needed, cost of activity, etc. It illustrates and creates an overview of the progress/phase of the project an

...ening smaller stores to be closer to the customer. This new approach makes it more difficult to analyze the stores by the team of Architects, due to the

...al amount of COs within a project. CO will always be cheaper when ordering it early in the project compared to late in the project due to neglection of r ...nformation Modelling (BIM) can be a thing to reduce the amount of CO since it uses 3D drawing models (for instance with Solibri), that can compare struct

...le of this technique is to separate generation of an idea from discussion. It gives every individual more time to think over the idea and write them down ...gister is used in identification of key stakeholder or stakeholder groups. It lists the stakeholders by categorising their relationship to the program, t

...lop responses and monitor the risks. These processes have limitations, e.g it is assumed that no "new" risk will occur. This defines that the world will How it can be used:

...tool to provide clarity, focus and motivation into the project, and making it possible to achieve the goals. ...omplish? ''W''hy is this goal important? ''W''ho is involved? ''W''here is it located? and ''W''hich limits are involved?

.../ref> is a document which containts crucial information about the project. It explores all feasible approaches to a given problem to enable the business ...the Business Case becomes the foundation for the project (or programme) as it fully documents the reasons for creating the project, the key benefits to b

... reduce the probability of uncertain and negative events, along with this, it aims to capture opportunities. From the portfolio level’s perspective, th ...anagement is essential for the success of the project portfolio, otherwise it is shown to be quite difficult to perform risk analysis in the portfolio le

:-Instead of individuals designing by themselves, taking it into group meetings for review and decisions, designers work together in te ...analysis is a tool that provides a basic framework for situation analysis. It generates lists or inventories of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and

...ble. The course include one practice test and a certificate of completion. It is also accessible for a lifetime on tv or mobile.

...stakeholders or if complex networks of relationships have to be monitored. It is also useful in determining the relative importance of the identified sta Use it to Understand cross-functional relationships and align front-stage and back

For you personally it should be attractive (motive-congruent) to reach the goal. ...but in order to be truly successful, they need to know WHY they are doing it. The WHY, HOW WHAT? suggests that in order to have a clear and concrete sc

...part in order to implement the changes. The coalition is most effective if it consists of people from different areas. Furthermore, a clear vision for th ...ng for change. It is at this stage that the changes get fully implemented. It takes time, energy and patience to reach these steps of the model.

...waste management since better waste management is more likely to happen if it has a positive effect on economics. ... needs are unfulfilled. This aspect is essential for a project manager and it needs to be satisfied with the team since physiological conditions are crit

...e-point estimating is a tool used to estimate the duration of an activity. It is used primarily when there is insufficient historical data available to p ...putting the activity of a project into more details. As the name indicates it goes from the bottom and upwards, meaning that the expected costs are accou

...n the far future [X**]. There is not a certain time point to finish it and it seems more difficult to be accomplished. Moreover, raising Hempel’s profi When a project is conducted, not only the reason for doing it should be taken into account but also

...pose of guiding managers from the problem towards the solution. Therefore, it is important to have a clear problem statement, a well defined scope of the ... some unknown. When the root of a problem can not be specifically defined, it is for instance important to initiate by considering different stakeholder

...mitations are also big since it gives no concrete plan for the project and it should be explained in a clear way in order to gain the benefits of the too Creating a project vision statement, it should be clear what the team wants to accomplish by completing the project

... this area of management, without being verbose and repetitive. Therefore, it can be considered extremely relevant. ... this area of management, without being verbose and repetitive. Therefore, it can be considered extremely relevant.

...m is defined along with the responsibility for the different participants. It also defines the relevant stakeholders. ...anager should balance the constraints in order to get quality and success. It differs from project to project which constraints are most important.<ref>'

...describes all the responsibilities included in this area of management and it provides a guidance for an effective progress management. ...describes all the responsibilities included in this area of management and it provides a guidance for an effective progress management.

...gives an introduction about the Human Resource Management, explaining what it is and which are the main challenges behind this area of management. ...ate more collaboration and knowledge sharing across the company. Moreover, it introduces the concept of "Millenials" in the Human Resources field, explai

...is chapter explains how to plan the stakeholder management. In particular it provides tool on how to identify the stakeholders, in order to manage and c ...n it also illustrates the differences in stakeholders influences. Finally, it provides different methods and approaches to create stakeholder engagement.

...video illustrates what is Project Communications Management. In particular it explains the communication methods, technologies and channel, introducing t ...video illustrates what is Project Communications Management. In particular it explains the communication methods, technologies and channel, introducing t

... compares these techniques while discussing their differences. Furthermore it introduces some common pitfalls of estimating the cost of a project. ... video illustrates some relevant aspects of Cost Management. In particular it will explain what is a cost management plan, how to plan cost management, h

...sing of a project. The video is based on the PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition and it focuses on the flow of the processes and their interactions. ...sing of a project. The video is based on the PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition and it focuses on the flow of the processes and their interactions.

..., then it explains how to define and sequence the activities. Furthermore, it illustrates how to estimate the resources and the duration of the activitie ...ains what it is project time management, what it is a project schedule and it introduces the processes and the activities related with the time managemen

...y of Knowledge introduces the concept of Quality Management. In particular it addresses how to plan quality management, how to perform quality assurance ...ated to the quality management. It also present the history of quality and it introduces some of the outperforming figures in this field.

...w to develop a project charter and a project management plan. Furthermore, it illustrates how to direct, manage, monitor and control the project work and ...particular it explains what it is, why you should use it and how to create it.

... and the probability of occurring. After having introduced the components, it introduces the risk assessment methods using these two elements, taking int ... and the probability of occurring. After having introduced the components, it introduces the risk assessment methods using these two elements, taking int

... to change. It also provides a guidance to an effective change control and it describes the recommended issue and change control procedure. ...cept of coaching, it illustrates its application and shortcuts and finally it provides some recommendations to use the coaching during a change.

...its of implementing it, the methodology of how to use it and how to adjust it to different scenarios. Furthermore, due to the different kind of roadmaps ...its of implementing it, the methodology of how to use it and how to adjust it to different scenarios. Furthermore, due to the different kind of roadmaps

...ls to identify, analyse, map and prioritise the stakeholders. Furthermore, it illustrates how to engage the different kind of stakeholders and which acti ...ls to identify, analyse, map and prioritise the stakeholders. Furthermore, it illustrates how to engage the different kind of stakeholders and which acti

...ce and it also provides information about the design and implementation of it. ...ins the program governance goals and its structure and roles. Furthermore, it considers the link between the program governance and the business strategy

... how to deliver the capabilities and how to realise the benefits. Finally, it illustrates the closure of a program. ... how to deliver the capabilities and how to realise the benefits. Finally, it illustrates the closure of a program.

...ples, the assurance management principles and its techniques. Furthermore, it explains the role of quality and assurance management in the different stag ...ment. It firstly introduces the concept of quality management systems, the it describes the principles of total quality management. Finally is applicatio

...ore, it provides tool to optimise the benefits and find new ones. Finally, it gives information about how to manage the benefits during the different sta ...f a program. Moreover, it illustrates the BRM and its importance. Finally, it describes the PMI's framework for the BRM and its stages: identify benefits

...ates the concepts of control change and configuration management. Finally, it describes how risk and issue management evolve during the different stages ... and the probability of occurring. After having introduced the components, it introduces the risk assessment methods using these two elements, taking int

...er and roadmap. Furthermore, it describes the key portfolio components and it illustrates how to optimise the portfolio and how to manage the strategic a ...k between portfolio management and project and program management. Finally it illustrates how performance management can be used in a portfolio managemen

...ides different ways of approaching communication with the stakeholders and it describes how to manage this communication. ...on, a case example and a template with step by step instructions. Finally, it discusses the limitation of the expectation management.

...lanning, execution, optimisation, monitoring and controlling. Furthermore, it Portfolio Management Information System (PMIS) and the governance within t ...s the concept of sustainability in the portfolio management. In particular it explains how to introduce the SDGs into the portfolio strategy, identifying

...governance, the concept of governance and its guiding principles. Moreover it describes the different roles in the portfolio governance and the design fa ...ld. Finally, it illustrates some coordination and communication models and it gives information about performance and diversification of the portfolio.

...optimisation. Furthermore, it explains the organisational capabilities and it provides information on how to assess and develop capability. Finally the c ...elivery and real-world resource management and capacity planning. Finally, it introduces the concept of time-tracking.

...e definition of value management and its dependency from the context. Then it describes the main components of value management. Furthermore the chapter ...eal Options approach to select the right projects for a portfolio. Finally it provides a simplified model of the Real Options method.

...iding principle and the concept of portfolio risk management. Furthermore, it describes the key planning elements to take into account when dealing with ...oject portfolio success and it relation with the risk management. Finally, it provides a Project Portfolio Risk-Opportunity Identification Framework.

...paney produce ('''What?'''). In other ways; "Why do we do it? How do we do it? and what is the result? -the product? ect. '''How to use it''' :

...ea is to manage and steer the cost down to the Target Value. In some cases it may also show that the Target Value is inappropriately low and any real use ...ern establishing or verifying the clients project visualization and funds. It is apparent that the main constraint on a TVD project is the cost. The desi

...r portfolio of programs and projects. In order to prioritize the portfolio it is urgent to collet and analyse the available information regarding the dif ...g their own projects. Since Group digital have limited resources, they see it is a crucial tool, for the future selection of projects to develop a routin

... it represents the justification for the business. The crucial information it has to contain is the reasons, options, benefits and dis-benefits, timescal When defining a business case it is necessary to define the schedule, risk, resources, budget, quality and s

...ool for evaluation of the strategic position of a city or organization.[2] It is intended to specify the objectives of the business venture or project an Strengths: characteristics of the business or project that give it an advantage over others.

... Some even consider it as the essence of an organization, considering that it ensures everything is tied together, and everyone is on the same page. ...tion management plan must be developed. It must be done in such a way that it is closely aligned with organizational strategy, portfolio governance manag

...n and Development) in 2010 based on the “Three-pillar thinking” model. It is a sustainability assessment tool. The latter considers sustainability co ...ple perspectives regarding the impacts. SIA simulates future scenarios and it is a user-oriented tool connected to users’ perspectives. The impacts are

...is technique is to separate the generation of an idea from the discussion. It gives every individual more time to think over the idea and write them down ...gister is used in identification of key stakeholder or stakeholder groups. It lists the stakeholders by categorising their relationship to the program, t

...uick to create, and it is an easy way to identify problems. In some cases, it is also used to rank the risks to understand which one needs to be addresse As it can be seen in the figure, three different areas can be isolated:

...on stage of program management (PMI) and subsequently updated and refined. It is used for measurement and communication. The benefits register should con ...ol for systematically develop new or documenting existing business models. It helps scope an organizations business model by a series of building blocks

...kdown Structure (WBS), as it is a way to structure the project by breaking it down. This is the addressed subject of this article. ...ect, program and portfolio management taught in the spring of 2022 on DTU. It is written by a student for other students taking the same course and with

|[[Parkinson's law and how to manage it]]

It was first studied in the early 1900s by Max Ringelmann <ref name="Ringelma ...nditions that can lead to social loafing and to have strategies to prevent it from happening. Such strategies include the ability to individually measure

... it. You can also continue and give me a bad feedback because to be honest it is not impressive to look at now. After thursday i will have made some majo * Rewrite the intro so it is less focused on the paradox and more about the evaluation

...o simulation -> Monte Carlo for Cost Estimation). At that level of detail, it will be much, much easier for you to write actionable advice with good exam

|''3. Scheduling: When to do it?''<br> a. Double diamond<br> b. Kanban<br> c. SCRUM<br> d. GANTT<br> e. Mil |''6. Improving: Can we do it better?''<br> a. Multi-tasking<br> b. Resources levelling and crashing<br>

...o simulation -> Monte Carlo for Cost Estimation). At that level of detail, it will be much, much easier for you to write actionable advice with good exam |''3. Scheduling: When to do it?''<br> a. [[Double diamond]]([http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Doub

...is about the concept of work break down structure and some applications of it.

...simple introduction of work break down structure to help us know better of it.

... Having a comprehensive plan can explain the project's complexity and keep it on track <ref name="PMBook"/>. Network planning is a common term for method ...find out how to speed up a project if that becomes necessary. As a result, it is a basis for scheduling <ref name="PMI1"/>.

...espite its acceptance, spread use, development, and implementation of MSP it still faces theoretical and practical challenges ...e interactions between and the marine environment. Among these human uses, it is possible to find fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, renewable en

...n which best solves the problem is converged upon, by refining and testing it. ...tments in world-leading companies, in several different fields. Therefore, it is by nature extremely versatile, and can be applied in design projects in

...et of tools and procedures one can use. Adam Jacob (CTO of Chef) described it as: "DevOps -A cultural and professional movement, focused on how we build ...epts, on the Theory of Constraints, and the Toyota Kata movement. However, it may also be viewed as the continuation of agile software development.<ref n

When aiming for a successful project it would be optimal if there were no restrictions to especially the period and ... J., Helm, J. & Adler, D. (2018): ''What is the Iron Triangle, and how has it changed?'' International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 11(2), 5

...Inga Jona Jonsdottir & Kristrun Fridriksdottir (2020) ACTIVE LISTENING: IS IT THE FORGOTTEN DIMENSION IN MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION?, International Journal ...o. Listening actively also allows for the listener to gain more knowledge. It provides the listener with a better understanding of the topic as well as t

Although it may seem an unnecessary process, it is important to have a global vision of the problem in order to be able to In a general way, it is a question of deconstructing the problem into quantifiable and formal pr

...iron triangle are a decent indicator regarding project management success, it is not necessarily the only marker of overall project success. The project ...ition of it depends on the project. Keeping a project on budget or getting it to market on time are examples of how quality can be measured. Hence, in or

...l „Management by Objectives“ was introduced in 1950s by Peter Drucker. It describes the process where employees define a set of goals to increase org

...ion of a projects strategy. Strategies and methods can easily change while it is more difficult to affect behaviours. Human behaviour is a key factor beh ... staff change their behaviour. People react differently towards change and it can be hard to get them to cooperate. But more is needed. The real problem

...owledge and understanding of how habits and human neuroscience are linked. It provides a good understanding what habits are and how they are composed. This book is about high effective and productive communication for leaders. It provides theoretical background and guidelines how to gain appropriate comm

...cally rise during Norming. Performing is the last of the 4 initial stages. It is about facing the challenges of the project and performing the actual tas ...ved over time, it is still relevant today <ref name="Miller03"/>. However, it has been subject to various changes and additions over the last decades. Th

...e execution phase moving again. As soon as a RACI matrix has been created, it should be published in the [[Project Charter]] document. <ref> Friedman, ...hile objectives related to cost, time, and desired results are formulated. It requires a precise definition of project goals, performance measures, const

...inuous movement of valuable work, instead of a sequence of discrete tasks. It is reported that flow techniques demonstrate higher productivity in compari ...rates principles from [[Kanban]]. Contrary to what its name could suggest, it is not exactly a 50-50 mix between Scrum and Kanban, but an adaptation star

...search for Exxon, where they worked towards improved leader effectiveness. It was developed with influence from Fleishman's work, using attitudinal dimen The Managerial Grid is a 9x9 matrix and it quantifies the degree to which the emphasis is on tasks and the emphasis is

...d:kpGPMBKP02/guide-project-management/guide-project-management </ref>, how it effects the engine of human thinking and how we can learn to actively use t ...o make decisions, and to show integrity <ref name="PMI"/>. In other words, it requires the skill of shaping the required behavior of the people involved

...ds model and the Hierarchy of Needs theory that remains valid until today. It is used for better understanding human motivation, management training, and ...e need of subordinates to provide an efficient and well-working workplace. It is also important to ensure a free flow of communication so then employees

... pdf, pdf P. Stephen Robbins, and T. A. Judge (13th Edition).</ref>. Here it is clear who did what part of the project and the result is the sum of the When a team is formed it goes through a maturity stage which can be described with the Tuckman’s m

...s of different characteristics that are usually of different relevance, so it is of great importance to prioritize the different characteristics in the g ...s well framed, three to five Key Results will usually be adequate to reach it.

...ten generated by large quantities of information coming in at fast speeds. It is discussed that emotions do not degrade decision making per se, as the po ...opular literature that could not always be backed up empirically. Further, it is imperative to mention that “leadership” per se does not exist, but r

...ve manner (PMIStandard). When managing projects, programmes or portfolios, it is vital to identify and manage risks in order to prevent negative -, and b ...y due to complexity and size. As a part of the risk management life cycle, it is an important stage within the planning phase of risk management but is d

...cle will first explore the historical context of scientific management, as it is important for our understanding of modern implementation. Then some exam As he says: "Why is it, then, (...) that the great majority of our men are deliberately doing the

...rom experience is one of the key characteristics of successful projects as it counters project uncertainty and facilitates project planning based on fact ...ion that is subject to continuous improvements with increasing experience. It also states that, due to the higher complexity and degree of uncertainty, p

...erformance Interventions, Vol. 2]]'', 2010, Pfeiffer, pp. 115–140.</ref> It can be described as a planning technique for Situation<ref name=NMMT>Zuest, ...knesses, opportunities and threats. Being a method for situation analysis, it is used as the first step of the Problem Solving Cycle (PSC).<ref name=NMMT

...of the project’s scope, by schematically showing all the objectives that it englobes and the relations between them. A well-designed WBS that presents ... presents how to create the WBS, where several methods are proposed. Also, it is indicated in what specific moment of the project’s life cycle the WBS

As early as ancient Greece, people discussed personality and tried to explain it with models. Hippocrates tried a model with 2 opponents: ...acteristics and became a different person, his friends reported. This made it clear that the physical size and individual areas of the brain make up the

*The average person does not like to work and will tend to try to avoid it as much as possible. ...onal development, which only pushes the employee into the box of theory X. It is therefore not uncommon to see the employee's aversion to his manager gro

...ganization’s activities in order to ensure quality goals and conformity. It is the QMS that dictates how the project quality management is handled.<ref ..., an efficient CAPA process can also help create value for the company, as it is effective in uncovering and solving quality problems. Solving the wrong

...be stated, by defining when, where and by whom the tool is not applicable. It is important to know that not every problem needs to be anchored and solved ...of the problem and finally how to solve the problem. When performing an A3 it is intended to get rid of the problem along with its cause for good, and no

...re 7 principles that must be followed when managing a project in order for it to be considered a PRINCE2 project <ref name="PRINCE2">AXELOS. (2017). ''Ma ...ect’s business case as well as the most important reasons for developing it. The recommended structure and formats will be explained and a thorough des

...this type of communication is not just relevant within project management. It is useful for everyone willing to learn how to deal with conflicts construc ...ation addresses the conflict positively and clearly between communicators. It builds understanding, provides sufficient detail for full awareness, and pr

...e so many seemingly trivial decisions made on the basis of biases, whether it is choosing a cola drink or which car to buy. ...n a team setting and therefore fall under the realm of project management. It can be found in project management literature when team building is discuss

...can be still, but is not impatient. It can be forced to change course, but it is not frustrated”''. <ref name = "GTD2"> p.12, Allen, D. (2015). Getting ...For you to recall what the placeholder in your in-tray represents and what it requires of you.

...focus on the problem- and solution space from the initial stages. Further, it is discussed that the model contains certain limitations, e.g., its structu ...e process starts with taking action and understanding the right questions. It’s about embracing simple mindset shifts and tackling problems from a new

In the 1950s large, complex and interdisciplinary projects started to emerge. It was therefore evident that new materials, methods and procedures had to be ... was developed by psychologists Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingram in 1955. It seeks to foster and improve self-awareness by providing the user with diffe

...lity<ref name="Osahon" />. In "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2", it is stated that all project goals should follow SMART ('''S'''pecific, '''M' ...in goal setting<ref name="Osahon" />. It is widely utilized and popular as it is an easily applicable, clear, simple, and valuable framework for managing

... making decisions can be highly efficient and flexible – especially when it is used consciously <ref name="slovic2007">Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters ...s. Also, our environment can manipulate the information we receive and how it is presented. All affect how we feel about situations and outcomes.

.... The application of the model and theory will be gone through followed by it's limitations and critiques of the theory, where the 6th level of the model ...tfolio-management (PPP-management), and for the sake of keeping it simple, it will be gone through in deeper detail from a project management perspective

..."Parkinson’s Law"], ''The Economist''. Retrieved 13 February 2021.</ref> It was formulated by British historian and author Cyril Northcote Parkinson in ...n of Work states that people will make work for each other by complicating it to occupy everyone. This gives the impression that the staff is overworked

... task itself. This could be playing football, because someone enjoys doing it. ...xplained in the next chapter. So in order to keep employees most motivated it is important to provide extrinsic motivation, but suitable for each individ

...inish the project on time. There are some limitations with Lag and Lead as it is not a tool but rather a technique that is used in different tools. ...e is decided in the process of planning a project. When the project starts it is the project managers job to keep the project on schedule and avoid any m

... the project objective. A project is not a project without something that it tries to achieve. The overarching goal of the project is divided into many It should therefore come naturally to all project managers to strive for setti

...t delivery method is a critical deliverable of the procurement strategy as it is defined in the PMI standards for project management (PMBOK Guide)<ref na ...of the PMBOK Guides Planning Phase with regards to procurement management. It is often based on a make-or-buy analysis (or equal method) which defines wh

Then there is the question of who creates these plans? Is it the top management, owner, or even the summer intern? ... his team. Ideally, not only should the plan cover significant issues, but it should also have a plan for more common errors that could occur. That way t

... before implementing a Gantt chart and how to work with a Gantt chart once it is implemented. The article will also present different types of software t To ensure a Gantt chart has the appropriate information it is necessary to implement a framework such as the Work Breakdown Structure

...onstruction industry has been changed a lot and becomes more digitized, so it’s important to make a clear agreement between the different actors. In th ...CT Agreement is to gather the separate agreement bases in one tool and use it as a management tool across interfaces and players in the construction indu

...rganise the work that has to be done in the project, and it will also make it easier to assess the time constrains of the project as well as the total co ...t predefined points in the project. The key benefit of the process is that it provides a framework of what has to be delivered <ref name="R1" />. This wi

team. Not many teams reaches this level, as it requires a bigger effort from the team for contributing to a high performing team. From this point of view it is easy to argue

... stakeholders. The goal can be redirected by new knowledge and that is why it is important to have milestones which create decision points on “are we ... by multiple projects which are grouped together. With subsidiary projects it is possible to track the interdependencies and which intended benefits are

When managing projects, it is important that they have a specific direction to be successful. The dire ...aging Projects, page 113-115. Dansk Standard. DS Handbook Vol. 185 </ref> It can be used for both project-, program- and portfolio management, however,

When applying Kahneman's two system for project management it can be used to accommodate and explain uncertainty in decision-making. This ... would not make sense to remove the decision from the environment in which it is taken, and the effect would fall when more inputs are available. Anyway,

...ult at the best of times, and especially difficult when we most need to do it” (Kahneman, 2012, page 3) <ref name="Thinking, fast and slow">Kahneman, D ...ough the pitfalls, into which all of us tend to fall, without even knowing it. His argument is based on the claim, that every single decision, we as huma

...sion is allowed for each item, without also spending too much time either. It is also important that every person at the meeting gets a chance to state t ... sure that the project is moving forward according to the planned schedule it is necessary for the people executing the project to know when and what the

Communication is a key pillar in a project, and it has a great influence on the success of a project. A typical project manage ...ople respond better to different forms of communications and to the medium it is delivered through. The chosen medium therefore also contributes to how t

...n the problem-definition process instead of rushing to find a solution. Is it the problem, the actual cause of the problem? Or merely a consequence of an ...is article will explain how to use The Double Diamond tool, and how to use it in conjunction with other tools and models in order to achieve the most eff

...ant guarantee for enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen project cost management, continuously reduce cos ...ously improve the level of project cost control of construction companies. It can guarantee the benefits of the project to the greatest extent, and effec

This article will showcase how you can use the "SMART – Goals" tool and how it can help your project.<br /> ...from the books and heard from the various seminars. Therefore, he has made it useful for those individuals. When they have a goal, they need to think abo

... and engaging with stakeholders. Another common thing for projects is that it involves human resources and that no amount of scheduling or control will b ...it is not enough to look into the professional and technical competencies. It is also important to focus on the dynamics and diversity of the team, to en

...can help you navigate and lead your teams to achieve your desired results. It can also help you explore which role is more suitable for you. ...tion. When a clear plan is defined and the project goals are communicated, it ensures that stakeholders involved are working towards the same objectives

...h smaller projects, that may not differentiate much from daily operations, it can be hard for the project manager (PM) to apply the standard tools for en ...l-projects-with-prince2-2017</ref> (p.9). No matter the size of a project, it is desired to always apply a certain level of project management to control

...re good stakeholder management. For all projects, programs, or portfolios, it is crucial that the stakeholder's needs within communication, commitment, a ... how the entity can impact the project. A simple tool is brainstorming, as it outlines a lot of important aspects of the stakeholder’s entity to the pr

...the SMART goals, how to apply the technique and explore the limitations of it. ... Although this technique is applicable in almost any professional context, it is typically applied in project management in the planning phase of a proje

...: Each task in a WBS should have a specific timeframe or deadline by which it needs to be completed. ...BS should be assigned to a specific team member responsible for completing it.

...rtant things in good management is good and clear communication, both when it comes to working in a team and if you are working as a consultant and your ...many reasons, if not on behalf of unclear goals or misunderstandings, then it often comes from differentiations within perceptions, values and background

...be used to forecast when the project will be finished and at what cost, if it proceeds at the current pace. <ref name="PPMLEVINE">Levine, H. A. (2005) Pr ...d value management, which prerequisites that need to be fulfilled, and how it can be applied in order to improve the outcome of projects. Further, a shor

...ect manager can use motivation as a tool, it is essential to consider what it is that motivates, and which factors that influence motivation such as rela ...rs theory X and Y. These are one of the most known motivation theories and it is said to be the foundation for organizational studies and organizational

...edith Belbin with collaboration from Henley Management College in England. It contains 9 different team roles, that each has its core competencies and li ... role adaptation which can have a favorable impact on the behavior so that it becomes possible to survive even the most complex social environments. <ref

This article will give you an overview of Scrum in its essence, relating it to the project management standards, and is thus aimed towards the reader s ...sue, the adaptive project management framework, Scrum, can be used because it embraces agility and fast project deliveries. Scrum relates to the project

...ield of diversity in teams are in some areas inconsistent, especially when it comes to the impact diversity has on performance. Where some find that dive ...e, the goal is always to get the best out of the team. With diverse teams, it is therefore important to try to capitalize on the benefits diversity bring

A SWOT analysis is an analytical tool when it comes to value-based management and strategy formulation to define '''stren ...nd threats. However, this analysis will only be a single link of many when it comes to analysis at an organizational level. In fact, the creation of the

...ect manager’s employee finishes a target earlier than expected and shows it to the project manager – will the employee then want to be praised or is ...y productive the Project Manager will not know why and how it happened and it is not something the Project manager can transfer to another person. People

In the light of the modern technology world we live in today it has become more complex, stressful, and demanding for us humans. Especially ...oaches to help one with becoming more effective in reaching one’s goals. It is all about aligning oneself based on one’s characteristic ethics to ach

...e team may not be optimal due to some biases during the hiring process and it can create problems during the project work. The diversity that was needed This article will present several examples of unconscious bias. It will then present ways to combat and mitigate these unconscious biases pres

.... The tool’s original intention was to analyze quality control; however, it has since then been applied in many situations and now mostly turned toward ...his has made it a valuable tool for uncertainty and risk identification as it can help identifying how to best handle potential risks.

...roject management.<ref name="BodOfKnow1"/> One of the keys to success when it comes to the achievement of project objectives is goal setting.<ref name="k ...ciency can tell if the project is likely to thrive, or just survive, or if it is more likely to die/fail.<ref name="lecturegoal"/>

... Often quality gates are the chosen tool to assess these processes because it enables practitioners to gain control over the quality development, its sta ... comparable form of the stage gate model and also other phase gate models. It is suggested to separate projects in terms of quality gates into the four d

... it is almost impossible to plan a construction project without subjecting it to change during the construction phase. While these changes may stem from *Omission of any work unless it is to be carried out by others.

Project Management is not only about achieving a purpose. It is also about achieving a purpose within a limited time, cost, and meeting ...e but also within the stages by the Agile approach. ''Complexity'' because it is about scheduling - ''When to do what?''. If you take a deep dive into th

...nd see how time and resources are allocated. By using project milestones, it can also give more visibility to stakeholders so they can see better how th ...ne is an event on a schedule that marks significant progress in a project. It might be the completion of a work package, a delivery stage or perhaps a ma

...bar length is relative to the needed time to complete the task. This makes it a good tool for visualization and gives an easy overview of a project. A Ga ...uded. Then it discusses the limitations of using Gantt Charts. In the end, it gives an overview of some software to use when making Gantt Charts, to help

...nspection, and Adaptation. The article will focus on what Scrum is and why it can benefit software development compared to the traditional waterfall deve ...nces and requirements from the client as the development evolves, has made it a popular framework for software development.

...roject. In order for project managers to succeed and reach objective goals it is crucial to make the best use of their team and their resources. Many res ... </ref>. Marston’s work was during half a century further developed, but it wasn’t until the 1970’s where psychologist John Geier created the Perso

:#Management is responsible for making it possible for the employee to further develop characteristics such as realiz ...New York: McGraw-Hill''. Volume: 21, p. 320. </ref>. As McGregor describes it:

...ivity) of an employee. Tests like the NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992) make it possible to establish the psychological profile of a person according to th ...0’s. That is when Lewis Goldberg from the Oregon Research Institute took it upon himself to revamp the research and propose the first “Big 5” model

... entire project process, as one has clarified the project's scope and what it contains.<ref name="R1" /> '''Importance of WBS and why to use it'''

...te_of_the_Art_of_Agile_Kanban_Method_Challenges_and_Opportunities </ref> . It was conceived in such a way that its use was directly related to <span clas ...llowed by an explanation of its use and applications. Thirdly and finally, it will address its limitations, establishing its strengths and weaknesses.

...s of bridging the knowledge within the project network. On the other hand, it provides essential project updates a foundation to support managerial decis ...rogram Status Report to control the included projects and portfolios. Here it is important to consider how to align the risk system within the project, p

...nd has the ability to get an overview of the resources, time, and economy. It also requires a leader who can communicate with the employees and has a kno ...so you can become a better leader and learn to use the qualities you have. It provides an opportunity to be able to develop your abilities and optimize t

...m/Agile-Project-Management-Developer-Practices/dp/073561993X]. Furthermore it is highly recommended to take a look at scrum.org[http://www.scrum.org] whe ...K Guide)''(6th ed.). Project Management Institute, Inc (PMI).</ref>. Where it will be compared to the Waterfall model[https://www.wrike.com/project-manag

...lutions to the more detailed, uncovering opportunities. On the other hand, it has been criticized as prone to bias with questioned validity due to the qu ...> While being a process that deals with the futurity of current decisions, it is also a bulwark to support strategic management. <ref name="Steiner"> Ste

... project. Uncertainty and opportunities will always be present, and hence, it is important to accommodate and grasp important factors that might influenc ...ties within a given project. As this tool is simply used to register risk, it builds on the use of other methods to locate risks, as well as, how to deal

...re explained to understand the benefits and drawbacks that come along with it as well as the ideal conditions in regard to when to use Kaizen. Lastly, th ...d development of services, products, and processes <ref name="CIbook2" />. It also aims at maximizing cost reduction for companies and businesses and eli

...ly Gantt charts were applied mostly to industrial production processes but it can be applied to any planned human activity<ref name="Wallace Clark"> Wall ...e manageable parts. Breaking down a project into achievable elements makes it easier to gain an overview of the tasks at hand and to delegate out the wor

...s leading to the popularity of extreme project management is the fact that it corresponds to extreme programming, this is a software development methodol ...elines. For the Extreme project management to keep up the accelerated pace it is necessary to for all team members to understand what the work entails th

...uling, negotiation, post-delivery formalities and so on. During such times it becomes difficult for these professionals to mentally stay updated with the ... of Multiple Project Management (MPM), its necessity and causes. Moreover, it also explains the methods one should practice in his professional and perso

...s and their individual status in the cycle would differ. During such times it becomes difficult for these professionals to run parallel with these update ..., its necessity, classifications and causes for ineffective MPM. Moreover, it further explains the methodologies that one must consider while resolving t

... however, whether it is used for project, program or portfolio management, it will most often be in relation to policy challenges. RDM has e.g. been used ... called the Computer-Assisted Reasoning system (CARsTM) and they described it as a tool to support decision-makers in the area of the [[Robust Adaptive P

...on process. This can both be an estimation regarding cost and time-frames. It is important to get the project off to a good start, given that success of ...approach is on the other hand a very time-consuming and costly method, but it gives a more accurate estimate of the project time and cost. By using the b

...roject and its subsequent monitoring during the implementation stage makes it easy to align plans and goals between each team within the organization. Co ... application of X-Matrix to project management but it is possible to apply it also to program management and portfolio management. Finally, the limitatio

...t is complex to have a clear visualization of the proper decision to take. It must be mentioned that decision-making often involves the decision-makers' ...sion. This means that it is suitable for either big or small companies, as it supports sound decision-making by using comparisons among advantages of the

... of a project helps project managers defining better goals and objectives, it guides in selecting the right resources, drives the definition of a project ...encies and interactions multiply and mushroom"'' [1]. From this definition it is possible to grasp some knowledge for identifying when we are dealing wit

It is very common in any project or program that deviations occur on different ...rown exponentially, since it gives the company a competitive advantage, as it will be able to plan its actions and take measures based on expectations.

...ith everything, even when we talk about projects, programs and portfolios. It is important to keep risk in mind when working on a project, program and po In order to identify and prevent risks in a project, it is necessary to have risk management. Risk management is a process for iden

...s a description of the tool along with the reasons that it should be used. It is a framework that aims to record the information from the processes relat ... and underestimation of some threats. This high level of uncertainty makes it increasingly necessary to use a model that assists the risk management proc

Risk project management is a broad and complex field. It is well established that every project at every stage carries risk. Possibl ...lems matter and can lead to causes that affect badly the existing project. It is commonly used by safety and reliability engineers to detect faults in co

...to illuminate when the use of the Law is appropriate, and in which context it provides the greatest benefits, while elucidating how to recognize when the ... It is immaterial whether this stress is legitimate or imaginary. However, it should be noted that '''A'''’s sensation may be the result of the decreas

... to project management phases and the activities which it comprises. While it might appear as mainly related to monitoring and controlling, EVM brings to ...08). 2008 AACE INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS. ''Earned Value Analysis – Why it Doesn't Work'', pp. 6-9</ref>;

It was the same conclusion Dr. Belbin and his team reached, a balanced combina ...s and weaknesses enables you to work with them. At the same time, it makes it easier for a manager to combine their employees in diverse teams, with comp

...ions or manage the behaviour of individuals, teams or stakeholders because it draws insights from all three acknowledged disciplines. Based on theory and ...e the impact of sustainability challenges in interrelated projects. Since, it has found use for policy makers and practitioners to influence people's beh

...mely limited. To reach an effectively workflow and a high preforming team, it is important to consider the different types of personalities and how they ...cted. Also, the model remains popular and useful to project management, as it provides valuable strategies to lead and develop the team. The theory can p

...een built for efficient and effective stakeholder management in a project. It aims to identify all the relevant stakeholders, in order to categorize and ...is difficult because of unforeseeable project actions and uncertainty, and it is difficult to establish reliable means to evaluate progress or even succe

...f the role of a project manager which acquires certain negotiation skills. It is a process of communicating back and forth with the goal of making a join ... on process variables, socio-emotional parameters and economic parameters, it is concluded that face-to-face communication is always the best medium for

...and so on. The input is the first thing that must be in place. When it is, it enables us to use some given tools and techniques to identify the risks. Th ...cipant withholds information out fear, shame, or what have you. Therefore, it is essential for the interviews that they are carried out in a trusting and

...gy. Lastly, it will look into its limitations, and explore the reasons why it is mainly used in very complex projects and environments ... going?” is a very frequently asked question to project managers and one it’s not easy to answer. As pointed out by Lukas, Joseph A. <ref name="Lukas

...e Iron Triangle’s core concept of project constraint trade-offs. Lastly, it will be discussed how project managers can leverage the Iron Triangle from ...Project, Program, and Portfolio Management as seen in Table 1 below. Here, it can clearly be seen how the Iron Triangle is an embodiment of specifically

When it comes to System 1, the most appropriate word to describe its whole nature i ...tion is distracted, the performance does not have the expected outcome and it can be reported as bad performance or inadequate <ref name="W1"/>. Some exa

...BS can analyze the project process comprehensively and systematically, and it is also a very effective basic method of project management. ...sintegrate the assignments into an amount of light workload and distribute it to every individual who is considered as a participant. <ref name="two"> ''

...on of all the channels of communication within or between an organization, it also refers to the dissemination of new communication directives connected ...tion of group decision-making. This is where the question arouses, mostly, it is seen that the organization’s ''effectiveness'' and ''efficiency'' are

...ponsibilities that are based on the team type. To simplify the team design it is possible to apply SaFe four fundamental team topologies, where each of t ...g on the same solution, operating independently and unaligned, which makes it extremely difficult to integrate full systems. This way, the risk of bypass

... or organization's influence is mainly indirect, which is a correlation to it being called "external" factors or conditions. ...and with a relatively broad base of both external and also internal input, it will lead to a strong analysis that qualifies and enhances the potential fo

... project management that helps determine the overall success of a project. It involves evaluating the achievement of the project's goals and objectives, ...ect may conform to its requirements but still fail to meet expectations if it is not performed well.

...e application costs and is also inexpensive in terms of time. Furthermore, it has been proven that psychological factors can bring benefits not obtainabl ...s that lead to wrong perceptions. This happens frequently among teams when it comes to discuss and make decisions.

...termined five stages but given it is in principle, a theoretical approach, it should be applied according to the specific needs of the group. The latter ...our stages. However when the model was revisited, a fifth stage was added. It is advised that project managers approach Tuckman's group development model

...name=KPMG> ''KPMG, ''Integrated Project Delivery, Managing risk and making it work for all parties'', 2013 https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2013/ ...name=KPMG> ''KPMG, ''Integrated Project Delivery, Managing risk and making it work for all parties'', 2013 https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2013/

...ly explain the birth of this methodology. Subsequently it will explain how it fits into the contemporary bigger picture of business management. What foll

...plexity of a project, by providing a path and fundamental steps to pursue. It is a creative and innovative approach, with four principles at its roots<re *Share the story: reaching the final solution, share it with coworkers and customers.

... between and among individual components. During large-scale developments, it is also critical to measure the system readiness at multiple points along t ...ach with its own TRL. The TRL of a component is determined by assigning to it the minimum TRL of the component’s system technologies. Hence, the TRL is

...r the peer group recognition and therefore also with extrinsic motivation. It can be said that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation go hand in hand. The wa ...ated people within the project management are key strategic resources when it comes to competitiveness <ref name="Successful Management by Motivation: Ba

...eflect on limitations and advantages of the method presented once applying it in a project management setting. Ensuring the optimal deployment of the mod ... Likewise, the importance of finding the correct problem and understanding it and the cause of the problem in depth and developing and selecting the corr

...and communication. In order for a company to be successful and profitable, it is of vital importance to be capable of achieving teamwork of high standard ...milestones aiming to attain targets and achieving project goals. Moreover, it is necessary for the team to breed creativity and keep the morale high espe

...ind the design of a project for a new product or for solving a problem but it has been observed that all firms go through the same steps when they have t Afterwards, from those analysis, it came up that all firms followed a similar, if not the same, procedure that

...an be quite complex. MPM differs from portfolio management in the way that it does not concern itself with the management of a portfolio, but rather situ ...ectiveness in managing multiple projects: an empirical investigation in an IT organization of a large financial institution.'' </ref>.

...y is perceived by people’s bodies and they have a biological response to it.

...y is perceived by people’s bodies and they have a biological response to it. ...ted that psychological safety is more of a team-level climate, quoting: “it is a shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for inte

...pment level. It states that there is no single best leadership style, that it’s ''situational''. In order to achieve effective leadership, leaders have ... reflections while also stating the relation to project management and how it can be beneficial for project managers.

...expands so as to fill the time available for its completion”. Basically, it expresses the concept that there is a proper amount of time to devote for a ... Durations” phase where ''motivation of staff'' plays an important role, it is thus an fundamental factor to take into consideration but also impossibl

...pted especially as a project management tool for software development, but it can be applied to just about any industry, either process, production or se ...nban system solution. Regardless of the way the Kanban system is realized, it requires at a minimum level always a board that is filled with multiple car

... known by Daniel Goleman through his book: Emotional Intelligence – Why it can matter more than IQ, published in (1995) and his own position on descri ...intelligence is one of the most important factors in project management as it plays a crucial role in creating a positive working environment where the p

...MCDA is a relatively new method for assessing alternatives or projects and it stems from the science of operations research. MCDA differs from traditiona ...e decision-making processes. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) makes it possible to include both monetary and non-monetary aspect in the decision-m

...sonalize the role which is given. The socialization happens gradually, but it is of great importance to make a conscious effort from the start to attain ...ent of projects and are clearly linked to team development and management. It is essential for the project team manager to actively make an effort to soc

...the P/PC-balance: P for the production and PC for the production capacity. It is the paradigm of effectivity that The 7 Habits is based on, since a manag ...y. <ref name="Book"/>[p. 263-265] A habit can make you do great things but it can also be the block on the road stopping you for what you desire to achie

...he project within scope, budget, time and quality constraints. In practice it is nearly impossible to eliminate uncertainty – instead, the goal should ...light upon the idea behind a Fishbone diagram, when it can be applied, how it can be applied and the practical limitations of the tool.

...states that people will create deliverables for each other by complicating it to keep everyone occupied. Employees are the overworked, lacking resources ... are hidden. An hour is spend on waking up her husband to ask him to fetch it in the back of the messy storage room. There is none to her liking, so she

...nagement institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project,

...ce that is used to help an organization define and evaluate how successful it is in making progress towards its organizational objectives. <ref name="Pri ...s key perfomance indicators. In order to ensure or measure project success it is essential to learn how and when to use these terms, and their limitation

...e project manager to drive/control the project optimally. For this reason, it is of great importance that project managers ensure effective project monit ...assengers by the horses that pulled them<ref>The Hog Ring, 'Why Do We Call It a ‘Dashboard’?', https://www.thehogring.com/2012/11/25/where-did-the-te

...ilise the work breakdown technique as well as project management document. It integrates both scope, cost and schedule baseline for the project, ensuring ...ndencies to the project associates or workers carrying out the work, makes it a valuable tool applicable to projects of any size and complexity. <ref nam

...ect manager to execute a single project or multiple projects at one place. It helps to overcome and breakdown a variety of tasks with different due dates A simple way to managing a project whether it is complex or not, Gantt Chart also called Bar Chart, has great benefits fo

... and employ people who need to understand how to make projects in Denmark. It is a little easier for Danish companies to get into an existing organizatio ...ing decisions. … The more complex an outsourcing decision is, the harder it will be to specify all of the details in a contract, to anticipate all of t

This section introduces the strategic planning that how it works and how it is applied in the organization with the SWOT analysis.

...to manage. Through the reading on the page, an example will be followed so it will be possible to see a direct and hands-on use of the topics. Through th ...le. This lifecycle can both be short and long depending on the project. So it can be said that a project is made to die. This part of a project is explai

...ime available for its completion". That is, work takes as long as the time it's given. ...rding to how much time they have and how close it is to the deadline. When it comes closer to the deadline, people have to start making "choices" and "tr

...s described in order to understand the development of the nine-team roles. It is here important to distinguish between ''Functional Roles'' and ''Team Ro ...y. Later, the Team Roles are being combined with the project processes, as it illustrates how a project manager can utilize the Team Roles' strengths in

... determine which activities you must start to finish in time and expresses it by visualizing duration as a 2nd dimension. An alternative method of projec ... project activities and through the use of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), it is possible to identify the activities in a project.

...hich are then merged into one, or it might just be one simple Gantt chart. It depends on the specific projects, as well as how the Gantt Chart is used an ...century. He started developing charts while working in 1902 and 1903 where it advanced to a daily balance chart. After that, Gant further developed his c

...ly explain the birth of this methodology. Subsequently it will explain how it fits into contemporary management theory. What follows will be a hand-book ...tion TEMO 2020 '''Note: while this presentation is not publicly available, it must be regarded as an empirical approach. The experience the presenter has

...riginates from rugby to describe a formation of players in a complex game. It was later introduced in the context of product development by Hirotaka Take ... of phases that a project passes through from its start to its completion. It provides the basic framework for managing the project. This basic framework

...t is important to have a clear scope of what the project is about and what it consists of. The complexity of a project can for example be governed by inv ...ven with well organized project, it can change throughout the timeline and it is important to adapt to any evolvement or changes.

...lp you achieve your goal, improve your life and reach your true happiness. It will help you improve your well-being both physically and mentally, create ...s not only about personal effectiveness, but about leadership development. It emphasizes on building character rather than attaining success.

...am Roles, developed by Meredith Belbin, describes one way to build a team. It identifies nine different Team Roles which are needed to enable effective t ...explains when it is relevant in project management practices, how and when it can be applied, and concludes by listing some of its limitations.

...re each phase is characterized by either divergent or convergent thinking. It is an iterative design process that helps the design team to understand the ... to explore and understand the initial problem from a broader perspective. It involves a lot of research, collaboration with potential customers and othe

...d lastly the difference between a team and a high performing team. Second, it is described how to create a team. How a project manager and the team needs ...s essential as well as discussions within the team. When designing a team, it's important to have in mind what skills and competence are needed, as well

...ool Policy Unit professor Kenneth Andrews for his usage and application of it later in the 1950s. But most often the management consultant at Stanford Re ...forced to consider the core obstacles and how to overcome them, this makes it a strong tool for overall strategy.

...ing decision-making in light of un-certainties has proved to be effective. It allows for adjustments to be made in the original cost-benefit analysis (CB ...rence class means prediction higher than the ordinary forecast estimate as it can see in figure 1. Also, the reference class prediction spreads the estim

...sses in project management look like, what the SPALTEN methodology and how it can be applied in the context of Burke and Barron’s framework. Finally, t ...ns, Ltd.'' </ref> While such a problem might often be seen as an obstacle, it also provides an opportunity through which the current situation can be imp

...e team may not be optimal due to some biases during the hiring process and it can create problems during the project work. The diversity that was needed This article will present several examples of unconscious bias. It will then present ways to combat and mitigate these unconscious biases pres

... capabilities in addition to their more well-known communication features. It is combining earlier known digital tools like Skype (for Business), Clouds *it offers multiple add-ons like Microsoft Planner, Azure DevOps, Jira, and Mic

...k. It is crucial to be able to identify those risks and manage them before it can have an impact on the organization’s objectives. Project Risk Managem ...r the cause-and-effect diagram was created by Kaoru Ishikawa in the 1960s. It is a visual tool used in Project Risk Management to identify the root cause

...s well as external factors, evaluation & control & strategic applications. It helps the company to become more active than reactive. Strategic planning i ... has its different & unique approach in applying the strategic management. It starts from the vision and mission of company by which they implement step

...me, or the time needed to reach a decision to kill a project. In practice, it is a document facilitating an iterative learning process for project teams ...o define milestones and the pathways to achieving them. In these projects, it is more useful to use a learning based approach to counter project uncertai

Authenticity may seem as a trivial topic in project management since it doesn’t directly improve projects. Yet, project managers who behave accor ... philosophers and sociologists have attempted to define authenticity since it was first brought up in ancient Greece. The Greeks wrote: “to thine own s

When aiming for a successful project it would be optimal if there were no restrictions to especially the period and ... J., Helm, J. & Adler, D. (2018): ''What is the Iron Triangle, and how has it changed?'' International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 11(2), 5

...e optimal benefits to consumers for its desired product. In the same time, it should remain keenly aware should the consumers’ taste move away from its ...d ensure the survival of the project, regardless the external circumstance it may face.

...ce that is used to help an organization define and evaluate how successful it is in making progress towards its organizational objectives. <ref>[https:// ...s key perfomance indicators. In order to ensure or measure project success it is essential to learn how and when to use these terms, and their limitation

... pdf, pdf P. Stephen Robbins, and T. A. Judge (13th Edition).</ref>. Here it is clear who did what part of the project and the result is the sum of the When a team is formed it goes through a maturity stage which can be described with the Tuckman’s m

...een built for efficient and effective stakeholder management in a project. It aims to identify all the relevant stakeholders, in order to categorize and ...is difficult because of unforeseeable project actions and uncertainty, and it is difficult to establish reliable means to evaluate progress or even succe

...actical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational. It is often considered as mental shortcuts people take in reaching decisions

It is intended for SAFe practitioners, Project, Program and Portfolio Managers ...encies for achieving business agility using Lean, Agile, and DevOps.” “It “…is built around the Seven Core Competencies of the Lean Enterprise th

...is almost impossible to complete a construction project without subjecting it to change during the construction phase. While these changes may stem from ...tion regarding the change orders and its impacts on construction projects. It can be used as a guiding/briefing document for project managers.

...eworks have been built for efficient and effective stakeholder management. It aims to identify all the relevant stakeholders, categorize and prioritize t ...thods along with the challenges and uncertainty in stakeholder management. It specifically focuses on providing a communication tool as a solution for st

* In order to become a proactive person, it is essential to develop an awareness of what things we can influence with o ...nced and thus to be and stay effective. Here, the saw is used as metaphor. It needs to be sharpened to be able to saw properly.

...KP02/guide-project-management/guide-project-management</ref>. Furthermore, it is a part of a project managers job to engage with people and study their b ... can provide a better understanding of the people involved in the project. It will also describe in which phases of the project the theory becomes especi

...the SMART goals, how to apply the technique and explore the limitations of it. ...thod. Although this technique is applicable in many professional contexts, it is typically applied in project management in the planning phase of a proje

...ed with a project, managing people and human behavior in projects, whether it is a team or an organization, is seen as important as planning the process. About feedback and how to use it in the best way

.../record/2036163#.YiT1WujMK3B</ref>]] Within project & portfolio management it has become even more important that leadership is able to visualize where r ...acteristics of the Sankey diagram, as well as the benefits and limitations it can bring to upper management when making decisions in terms of resources a

...awbacks of Virtual War Rooms. When a Virtual War Room (VWR) is referenced, it is not an Online War Room but rather the digitalization of a Physical War R ...unt of space, so if multiple project teams are participating in a project, it is recommended to divide the teams into their own respective war rooms. Whe

...rtant challenges from the special workforce of the companies, that’s why it is very common for them to set up and implement new special projects to fac •Evaluate a process to identify where and how it might fail

...and optimisation of every decision have never been more relevant. However, it is often a question of prioritising and being selective with the extent of ...pletes the comprehensive essentials of time management. On the other hand, it is incentively to achieve task management by monitoring a project's tasks t

...pacted by personality traits, which are not related to the technical part. It also influences how project managers deal with the relationship of differen ...ck, 1995), counseling (McCrae & Costa, 1991), and more <ref name='value'/>.It was founded by Fiske (1949) and later expanded and elaborated by Norman (19

...omething similar before, traditional methods are a good choice. Therefore, it should be discussed before starting every new project whether to use an agi ...ning. As they describe it, systems and their environment change over time. It can influence the product's design and force the development team to make c

...ject. It is important to analyze stakeholders early in the project because it can provide a guide to decide the direction for a project. ...o some key decisions, which can also impact the execution and results. So, it is essential to figure out the key stakeholders, the impacts from different

... workday<ref name="McTech"/>, and if handling patterns aren't streamlined, it might be much more. The reason behind the importance of understanding '''em ....2 billion emails sent every day (2022) <ref name="EarthWeb"/>and in total it is estimated that about 5.59 billion active email accounts exist worldwide

...ine the profitability of the [[Wikipedia:investment|investment]], that is, it estimates the rate of return that the evaluated project could have. The ter ...ast performance is not a guarantee of what might happen in the future, but it is an important influence on financial attractiveness. If the cash flow tur

...als who suffer from stress-related issues is a clear sign of how important it is for project managers to address acute stress issues within their teams. ...s used to manage short-term stress as an individual within a project team. It will also critically analyze the methods and techniques that are currently

...s process and this is happening in a heuristical, fast and autonomous way. It is not logical or actively influenceable by the person. ...re under permanent change and are further developed by ambient influences. It should be noted that the perception of these experiences is also is affecte

...of Maslow's five needs were formed <ref name="Taor"/>. As Maslow described it himself: "Only unsatisfied needs provide the sources of motivation; a satis ... water needs have been addressed, making this need appear less urgent than it is. <ref name="Taor"/>

...more complex and unpredictable, a special acronym has appeared to describe it, “VUCA”, which states for volatile, unpredictable, complex and ambiguou ...and solutions evolve through collaboration between cross-functional teams. It encourages frequent inspection and adaptation for rapid delivery of high-qu

...reatment in the energy sector and analyze the benefits and challenges that it may present. The risk treatment measure includes retaining risk, avoiding r Risk is defined as an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives. In ever

... goal of validation is to ensure that a design meets the user's needs, and it is just as important as producing a functional design. Indeed, an inadequat ...ugh famous and very costly failures. It then tries to detail how to apply it, through different methods commonly applied by designers. The final point o

...pected outcome. This article will have a close look into Agile's approach. It will review its definition, values and principles, including applications, ...oduct or prototype so users and customers can have a real interaction with it in comparison to deliver documentation and KPI’s of the results.

...ort background description of RDM, why RDM is so useful as it is and where it differentiates from traditional risk management approaches. The theory behi ... RDM was not very well developed and RAND's predictions not very accurate. It was not until the early 1990's when the two RAND analysts Robert Lempert an

If organizational conflicts are not managed well, it may lead to decreasing team performance and have a negative effect on the o ... but should address the conflict before it escalates and manage it so that it leads to a useful outcome for the organization.

...communicating in such a way that our message comes across the way we meant it. [<ref name="Zoller">K. Zoller and P. Nussbaumer, Persönlichkeitsbewusste ...quare. The second is a tool to reflect one’s personality to identify how it potentially impacts one’s behavior while communicating. [<ref name="Zolle

Whenever a project is to be started or ongoing, it is important to prioritize your projects. A reason to prioritize is to make ...n project management. Next the tool is presented with its features and how it is used. Afterwards, a thorough discussion of the limitations of the Eisenh

...mitations of the internal rate of return; however, when the IRR is unique, it provides relevant information about the [[Wikipedia: return on investment | ... provides justification for undertaking a project programme or portfolio. It evaluates the benefit, cost and risk of alternative options and provides a

...oject has the potential to impact nearly every area of the project, making it one of the most critical jobs for a project manager. A poorly written budge ...thods. For further insight into the concrete application of these methods, it is recommended to do further research through the annotated bibliography an

...ounds it can help you manage the group and the relationships in the group. It is a graet tool when you are working with stakeholders on your projects. Be ...e they stand. Self-management does not mean that you do not respond at all it is about responding in the right way.

... the history of agile and how the agile manifesto came to be. Furthermore, it dives into the agile WoW, explaining its methods and applications. Within t Before we dive into the origins of Agile methodology it is important to first understand the word “agility”. As defined by the

...es of RDM, this article aims to give a guideline so that readers can apply it to their project. This includes a step-by-step methodology and a very brief ...ut trying to find the most plausible future and adapting one's strategy to it. Instead, the essence of this method is to consider many potential future s

...ounds it can help you manage the group and the relationships in the group. It is a great tool when you are working with stakeholders on your projects. Be ...e they stand. Self-management does not mean that you do not respond at all it is about responding in the right way.

...ting historic concepts of interdependencies will be reviewed. Furthermore, it is aimed to highlight the groundwork of the notion constructed by ''Thompso ...ure," Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 61, 1990.</ref> it is essential to realize the effect of different types of interdependences o

...ergy levels, higher risk of illness, among other things. To combat stress, it is often useful to play to the body’s strengths, either by improving its ... no means exhaustive, as stress is a large and complicated phenomenon, but it is the hope that this article will serve as a decent starting point, and pr

...f the testing phase<ref name = "Ref2"></ref>. At the end of this phase, if it passes all the requirements, the product is validated. ===Advantages of the model and when to use it===

...in different companies, implementing it for the first time is challenging. It beyond others requires extensive training and major changes within the orga ...a sprint. It allows to have an overview at a glance of the remaining work. It is part of the Sprint Backlog.

...and how these qualities might differ when looking at the right candidates. It is known that managers tend to seek control of the situation, avoid instabi On the other hand, leaders have more of a chaotic way of working. It is in instability that they find better progress, and often work in ways th

...ery powerful for all types of projects if it is applied correctly. Indeed, it is a strategic business analysis tool that combines the study of the streng ...sed during the early stage of a project in order to analyze the situation. It combines the analysis of the current state with the analysis of the future

Managing a project successfully is not a trivial task and it requires capable managers. In Project Management the terms "Manager" and "L ...ship: Theory and Practice (8th Edition)'', SAGE Publishing </ref> (p.140). It belongs to the group of theories that follow the Behavioral approach, which

... utilized the Wiki-style of referencing other articles in the Wiki to make it easier for the reader to explore relevant topics. These links are incorpora ...systematically understanding and solving a problems. For project managers, it provides a set of methods, tools and a general structure, which guides the

One of the main limitations when evaluating overall project success is that it can be very challenging defining and measuring success criteria. As viewpoi ...ccess criteria. This view makes it harder to assess a project's success as it is more vague and harder to quantify.

...rces framework is important for managers that make strategic decisions, as it prevents a narrow view that is solely based on the core business, with rega ...if a company has tight arrangements with regards to distribution channels, it is hard for new entrants to get in between or costly to set up new channels

= Why we need this model and how it works? = ... are essential for the proper functioning of the team or group assigned to it. In the first place, the cohesion and synchrony of the team are essential t

... account both the short- and long-term sustainability of project outcomes. It incorporates sustainable development ideas into project planning, implement ...nimize negative environmental impacts and create positive social outcomes. It also contributes to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Devel

.../>. Investment decisions of the management are critical to a company since it decides the future of the company <ref name="LOCK"/>. This article discusse ...er NPV formulas for special cases such as annuity and perpetuity. Finally, it critically reflects on the limitations of this method and briefly highlight

...o apply it to risk assessments. A risk may have one or more causes and, if it occurs, one or more consequences. Threats that arise are referred to as iss ...ning through an introduction to the concept of risk-based. Following that, it explores the significance of risk management and the key factors that need

...rovide great value to team members and improve the final product. However, it is of great importance that team members and not least the project manager ...ble. Trying to avoid conflicts is not necessarily the best solution, since it can restrict the communication between the parties involved and lower creat

...tool that depicts in the form of a graph the risks a project might face as it develops. Commonly, this tool's structure follows a hierarchical representa ... Structure (RBS) is a tool developed by Dr. David Hillson and he describes it as: "A Source-oriented grouping of project risks that organize and defines

...een used during the World War II by “General Electric Co” and nowadays it is an approach commonly used for planning building projects. This technique ...thods with less expensive alternatives, without sacrificing functionality. It is focused solely on the functions of various components and materials, rat

... characterizing the program's projects have already been assessed.Moreover it will not provide an application example of the CBA, since the method is wid ...ssential to update the process of program/project risk assessment whenever it is necessary, in order to meet the requests of the many different stakehold

...s, or portfolios of different complexity and size. It is worth noting that it can be used to create a service, product, or another purpose in any industr * Time-boxing - Time is the crucial constraint in Scrum. Properly managed, it will help to plan and execute projects successfully. Sprints, Sprint Planni

...it are different and individual to each person or situation. Research wise it is not clear yet to define if there are motivational structures within the ...1950, which lead to the general understanding of extrinsic motivation like it is today. Furthermore, still not proven, but built as the foundation of tod

...stenance<ref name="RM"/>. To manage change and risks that come along with it, there is a need for a robust set of strategies of risk management. Risk ma ...isk management framework is the risk management lifecycle<ref name="RM"/>. It ensures a structure regardless of different domains in an organization and

...ere is a global misconception of what is important and what is urgent when it comes to task prioritization. President Dwight D. Eisenhower developed a me ...much more rewarding (at least for the now). If you weigh out the two tasks it will result in the simplest task (replying the email) being more tempting t

...at advanced engineering systems can provide. When developing such systems, it is important to understand the difference between those, who use systems an ...identifying and analyzing stakeholders and their impact on the project, as it is about developing appropriate management strategies for effectively engag

...Milestone Trend Analysis (MTA) can be found under the section Uncertainty. It is a tool for Monitoring that is mainly used for Project Controlling. Accor ...hat the milestone is later than planned and the decreasing line shows that it is earlier than planned. <ref name="Project_Phases">M. D. Alam and U. F. G�

...Decision Matrix is a useful tool for project managers and team members, as it provides a clear framework for determining task priority and making informe ...ve. This means, that if someone spends too much time in certain quadrants, it can lead to an ineffective lifestyle or maybe even a mental breakdown.

... mainly to their functional manager (for example, IT Team A reports to the IT functional department manager). ... guideline on the steps that must be taken to resolve a conflict and avoid it in the future.

...lem occurred, what happened, how it can be fixed as well as how to prevent it from happening again.<ref name="PMP">Aldridge, E. (2022). Root Cause Analys ...s visual appearance, the tool is also known as the fishbone diagram, but it is also referred to as the cause-and-effect diagram. The methodology was in

...eepen Ichak Adizes' Management Styles theory and put it in relation to how it can be used by project managers and individuals. Adizes believes that are f ... do about it, The Adizes Institute Publishing"</ref>. Adizes believes that it requires a certain understanding of the styles you don't possess yourself t

...ject. To assess which management techniques work best for a given project, it can be advantageous to understand the difference between managing and leadi ...ses and discuss what benefits can come from using either or. In addition, it will be discussed how to utilize and combine the best qualities from both o

... some projects can be expected. In order to reduce the project uncertainty it is important to break down the complex tasks into manageable sub-tasks of t ... presenting the framework of Work Breakdown Structure and its applications it is important to understand the main terms and principles used in WBS develo

...ase must be completed before the next phase can begin, and to end a phase, it must pass a gate. A stage is the activities, and the gate is the requiremen ...ate detection of defects in the process and how to handle change requests. It is most optimal to use the Waterfall Model for simple projects with precise

...ournal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 6,934-941.</ref> It proposes that the degree to which an individual contribution of a group mem ...structure, and mitigate pitfalls and risks that have the potential to slow it down. A number of tools and strategies have therefore been identified, whic

...action and more communication between participants than the Delphi method. It has since been adapted in many industries to estimate a wide range of tasks ... such as software development projects, presenting the role and advantages it plays in project management. This paper will also give practical examples w

...icipate in. In order to navigate and manage complex problems and networks, it is beneficial for project, program, and portfolio managers to use simple to Before diving into the development arena and its components, it is essential to understand how this method was developed, as this lays the

...dustry (TWI) is a programme/method which was developed under World War II. It was the result of a need to quickly mobilize and train a workforce to provi Today it is hard to not encounter lean practices when studying any company out there

...a launch product. As a first mover to adopt a new product into the market, it will improve profit and key competitor of the business. Yet, one professor ....com/understanding-the-new-product-introduction-npi-process-prl/'' </ref>. It is highly encouraged to develop the NPI plan in the beginning stage, the m

...cess (WIP) to increase throughput and limit capacity issues. Additionally, it is recommended to reduce the batch size to smaller pieces. Finally, the que ...gers. In order to empower employees and ensure a continuous flow of value, it is crucial to create a decision-framework balancing between centralized and

...e critical elements of the strategic alternative of interests. Moreover, it is a way for a team to visualize and discuss different approaches towards ...Implementing a strategic framework will set the pillars to any project as it aids managers to identify the market of interest, the differentiation plan

...influence on the work process, compared to individuals working solitarily. It requires insight in the process of people collaborating, to achieve a commo ...of most companies and organisations. A common definition of a team is that it consists of individuals who are working interdependently, in a joint effort

...the improvement process. Therefore, it is a popular concept in industry as it is easy and cheap to implement and not limited to any industry and organiza Continuous Improvement first appeared in Japan during the second world war. It was an answer to the numerous and serious damages that the country had suff

...before 2000’s, it is possible to date the concept of agile in 2001, when it was signed the “Agile Manifesto”. The Agile Manifesto outlines four Cor ...rints to divide the project life cycle to work with a short-term planning. It is possible to define each sprint as the sum of 5 phases: gathering, design

It is assumed that working with others in a group has an energizing effect, ca ... underlying theories that explain the phenomenon and the factors affecting it. Furthermore, the relation to project, program, and portfolio management w

...er understanding can be achieved and theories become applicable. Therefore it’s a crucial competence to any professional dealing with high levels of co ... uncertainty. Traditionally developed and used in medical science and arts it's fundamentally applicable to any position where the context provides compl

It is not often possible to foresee the future activities in a project with co It is necessary to provide key milestones and assumptions as they will help st

...unication strategy for the report of progress to the stakeholders. Lastly, it must be ensured that the benefits achieved in the previous step, will remai ...rovements of existing strategies might be formed. This step is crucial, as it must be ensured that the project benefits will remain into effect.

...ng is managing the project manager as well. To work with stress management it is possible to use tools such as time management and open communication wor ...ess hormones will usually disappear after the stressful situation is over. It can also work against people and deteriorate them physically and mentally i

project. For the elimination of such similar future challenges, it is important to identify from where the know how it has happened and how to prevent such problems in future. Multiple industrie

...ogram, or portfolio it will be difficult to accomplish success. Therefore, it is important for the project, program, or portfolio leader to manage these To understand risk treatment, it is first necessary to understand what Risk Management is and where in the R

...roject manager are the key to a project success<ref name="Gido2014" /> and it is important to consider this aspect when doing any projects. This article ...ganization captures the business opportunity in its environment as convert it into a value proposition to the society. This value proposition could be in

...s. Based on the analysis of the impact of user needs on user satisfaction, it reflects the nonlinear relationship between product performance and user sa ...sfaction but is often used to identify users' acceptance of new functions. It can effectively reduce the disagreements about customer needs between the p

Many consider a project as success when it is delivered under budget, time and all the requirements and quality of the ...cluded. The scope is usually located in the middle of the triangle because it is the scope that determines the three constraints such as cost, quality an

...eated, to its actual status, stating its pros and cons while making use of it. To finalize the article and help reaching the best understanding of the te

...ing positive correlation between cohesion and performance, especially when it comes to project management teams. <ref name="first">François Chiocchio, H ...Cohesiveness is multidimensional, therefore needs time to be developed and it is more likely to occur in small size teams.<ref name="first"/> Further on,

...oject, where the constraints are, and if those constraints can be relaxed, it may allow the company to find a really strong competitive position. ...om small-scale projects to large-scale industries. For project management, it is an effective tool to develop a competitive strategy in the market.

...mportance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to the lack of a generi ...e is put on companies to ensure a sustainable development. Amongst others, it is due to the fact that companies might fear the increasing accountability

...ensive overview of the differences between traits and how these affect us. It aims to identify how we can benefit from our “default settings” to buil ...lly become encoded into their language; the more important the more likely it is to become expressed as a single word. This becomes known as the Lexical

...oject, where the constraints are, and if those constraints can be relaxed, it may allow the company to find a really strong competitive position. ...om small-scale projects to large-scale industries. For project management, it is an effective tool to develop a competitive strategy in the market.

...oject, where the constraints are, and if those constraints can be relaxed, it may allow the company to find a really strong competitive position. ...om small-scale projects to large-scale industries. For project management, it is an effective tool to develop a competitive strategy in the market.

...dies, Belbin developed a model that explains how people cooperate and used it to find nine team roles which should be present in teams to ensure efficien ... “Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail” by Belbin was published. It peaked in sales nine years after the first publication and has been popular

...jpg|thumb|300px|right|Visual project map]]To manage project and portfolios it is highly important to take into account the interdependencies that these h ... the decisions been made by other competitors can affect the supply chain. It has been studied that knowing these dependencies can help improve the perfo

...about health and wellbeing at workplace such as stress in order to prevent it from becoming a major outbreak to the employees. <ref name="CPMArticle"/> W ...me="PPBook"/> Stress can have both negative and positive aspects, although it is often seen as an unpleasant state.

...c motivation is limited applicable and can have negative side effects when it is used in the wrong way. One motivation type does not occur without the ot ...than being motivated by monetary arguments or status. As mentioned before, it is inevitable to draw a comparison to intrinsic motivation, when examining

... Gantt Chart?"> https://www.gantt.com/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>. It is based on the Harmonygraph, which was developed by Karol Adamiecki at the ...n various ways depending on the project at hand. Usually for construction, it will be the breakdown of larger tasks. An example being “Installation of

...ed for a job position through classic tests is not actually able to handle it? I would say so: self-control, stubbornness, empathy, and attention to the

...or a job position through classic tests is not actually able to handle it? It could be: self-control, stubbornness, empathy, and attention to the others ...n should develop and train to make the most of it, in the first paragraphs it will be addressed from the point of view of the people who are working in a

...articularly relevant for Project, Program and Portfolio Management because it sets the basis for a clear understanding of Conflict Management tools and b Conflict and its management are very broad concepts, and it is very hard to define them in a unique way by including all their shades o

... know what characterizes the environment in which a project take place, as it will help choosing the correct strategy and leadership approach appropriate ... by agility by being able to operate despite changing circumstances, while it is important that the project leader maintains vision for the long-term goa

...ject success would in the healthcare IT infrastructure ensure that the new IT infrastructure is being used and giving the actual healthcare benefits of t ...being connected”, and the hospital IT infrastructure could be “The new IT infrastructure collects data that contributes to optimizing the workload.�

...lity was, should we do something about it? Now it is, what can we do about it? To implement sustainability, it is important to coordinate all the smaller steps in a project and assure th

...signments by classifying them according to their urgency and significance. It categorizes tasks into four boxes, indicating which should be prioritized, ...enhower matrix is a decent indicator regarding project management success, it is not necessarily the only marker of overall project success.

...piness. The search for desired elements will be what generates motivation. It also suggests that the basic goals are related to each other, meaning that ... and snacks, the same as a steady and competitive salary and pension plan. It’s also important to feel that physical safety is valued and prioritized.

...ompletes a small amount of work and then evaluates what was done to see if it meets the requirements ... including web applications, mobile applications, and enterprise software. It is also being used to develop software products in a wide variety of indust

Risk treatment is the fifth and final step of the risk management process. It is an important factor in project management, and should be developed integ ...to be figured out is poor knowledge sharing within this area of expertise, it is very difficult, as a project manager, to get your hands on standardized

Within the field of project management it is estimated, that project managers (PM) on average spend rougly 80% of the ...t all the consequences of these changes are, but patterns are emerging and it seems that at least some of these will be sustained. <ref name="covid"> ''E

...in 1984 by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt in his bestselling novel « The Goal ». It has been developed continuously since then by Dr. Goldratt as well as other ...ng management method. TOC is based on an iterative method for improvement. It considers every system as a chain of activities that operates one after ano

...e of leadership often has a bad reputation within the working industry, as it often doesn’t work with the employee, and they often feel voiceless. Mana ... get unhappy as well. For companies to get the most out of their employees it is important to understand the types and how to support such employees. Cat

...here is no formula to obtain the result of the decision by mathematically. It is managerial level strategical decision to be made which has both cons and According to Bajec and Jakomin, it is suggested that make or buy decision should be examined in 4 steps which

... to find efficient ways to complete a given operation. In large companies, it is not certain that the entire organization has the opportunity to utilize ...tion with a well-defined and clear sets of instructions for performing it. It is an efficient way to share knowledge as well as unify and standardize an

...One of the reasons for choosing the topic of rolling wave planning is that it is a concept that has been mentioned in APPPM as an effective method to unc It is not often possible to foresee the future activities in a project with co

and diffrient parts of it

...a stablished number of cards returned the production line, and the idea of it was to: ...ctice to creating a Kanban board to settle a work in progress (WIP) limit. It can be done by stating a maximum number of tasks that can be be at the same

...erprises regardless of the industry in which they are operating. Moreover, it can be beneficial for individuals who are in need of a solution for a speci ...storming by yourself, it takes a different approach than group storming as it opens the space and opportunities for those introverts who experience idea

... approaches and methods that can be implemented in forming a team and make it develop and work in a positive way. First and foremost, it is of vital importance for the scope of the project to be clarified during

...ades to investigate why, and in which circumstances social loafing occurs. It is a big challenge to project leaders to avoid this behavior in their teams ...experiment involving rope pulling. This experiment was never published but it was described and used in many papers to explain social loafing. The experi

...dustries in terms of consuming inputs and providing products. Nonetheless, it is estimated that 50% or more of the required resources and effort as to de Essentially, it aims to meet the same value creation criteria as the classical project mana

A SWOT analysis is an analytical tool when it comes to value-based management and strategy formulation to define '''stren ...nd threats. However, this analysis will only be a single link of many when it comes to analysis at an organizational level. In fact, the creation of the

...egular, incremental improvements to the manufacturing process. In a sense, it combines the collective talents within a company to create a powerful engin It has a dual nature, as an action plan, where events are organized focusing o

...es, we cannot consider an individual risk analysis to be effective because it does not allow us to protect against combinations of events often linked to ...hrough data analysis and consultation between the various people involved: it is defined as the art and science of making informed decisions.<ref> Adam H

...It affects the present and both immediate and long-term future. Of course, it has a huge impact on every project, naturally including engineering project ...ower descriptor for "resource allocation and policy making". Additionally, it was an intended term for how managers though about what decisions to make a

...30% of an employee's workday, and if handling patterns aren't streamlined, it might be much more. ...om/news/how-many-emails-does-the-average-office-worker-receive/). In total it is estimated to exists about 5.59 billion active email accounts worldwide (

...oject, where the constraints are, and if those constraints can be relaxed, it may allow the company to find a really strong competitive position. ...om small-scale projects to large-scale industries. For project management, it is an effective tool to develop a competitive strategy in the market.

...pitfalls to be avoided. Because of its complexity within the organization, it is needed that the executive management is engaged in making the matrix org ...ed and how to avoid certain pitfalls and it is described and discussed how it is used today in large corporations.

...t sufficient on its own to make a project successful. As a project manager it is crucial to be aware and recognize the usefulness of various tools and co ...es the scope of the project in a hierarchical way, and furthermore because it helps identify key process groups, such as Project Planning, Scheduling, Ri

...'s outcome are made. Furthermore, the world is constantly changing, making it impossible to make reliable decisions based on prediction of what the futur It is inevitable to encounter uncertainties in projects, but you can do your b

...ry, since the adaption by David Anderson back in 2010. To practice Kanban, it is essential to acquire a lean thinking mindset, which focuses on the impro ...gers to keep an overview of their projects and the tasks involved in them, it also increases collaboration between the team members that is involved with

...tract establishes a fixed hourly rate but not a precise statement of work. It can be used for staff or other outside support. This type of contract is ap ...red with the client, and if the client agrees with the price for the work, it is final, and no change in man-hours or cost of materials can be considered

...t difficult things to plan is the uncertainty and the risk associated with it. When planning a project, decisions are often made in the early stages wher ... the project, but also estimate the cost and resources required to execute it. The goal of this phase is to create a project schedule. The third phase is

...f uncertainties and their likely consequences on the project's success but it also strengthens the team members’ intuitions to become better at mentall ...jects, even the most proficient managers can face difficulties in handling it to ensure the success of a project <ref name=RiskHappens></ref>. Pre-Mortem

<br> Based on statistics<ref> J. Wateridge - How can IS/IT projects be measured for success? , International Journal of project Manage <br> Many consider a project as success when it is delivered under budget, time and all the requirements(scope) and quality